Object-oriented Programming and Data Member

Lab Task Q1: Create a class that includes a data member that holds a â€Å"serial number† for each object created from the class. That is, the first object created will be numbered 1, the second 2, and so on. To do this, you’ll need another data member that records a count of how many objects have been created so far. (This member should apply to the class as a whole; not to individual objects. What keyword specifies this? ) Then, as each object is created, its constructor can examine this count member variable to determine the appropriate serial number for the new object.Add a member function that permits an object to report its own serial number. Then write a main() program that creates three objects and queries each one about its serial number. They should respond I am object number 2, and so on. Use copy constructor for this task both deep and shallow copy. Q2: Create a class calculator. It would have two data members, both integer types. There would be four functio ns add(), sub(), mul() and div(). The mul() and div() functions would be friend functions. Create four objects of the class. Also use copy constructor both shallow and deep copy.There would be a static data member which would count the number of objects. Q3: Create a class GPACalculator. This class would have gpa, cgpa, sessionalMarks, midMarks and finalMarks data members. There would be two functions calculateGPA() and calculateCGPA(). calculateCGPA() would be friend function. You need to create an array of GPACalculator class. The array would be of 5. You also need to give the user option of whether he wants to calculate gpa or cgpa. The grades are as follows: 50 and 53 and 57 and 61 and 64 and 68 and 72 and 75 and 80 and 86 and

Bullying: America’s Worst School Issue Essay

Did you know that a massive amount of students in America are being bullied? What is bullying? According to Webster’s New World Pocket Dictionary, bullying â€Å"is the act of threatening weaker people.† There are many different types of bullying that we will be discussing too. This subject has a huge impact on students that are against bullying. Bullying is the most important issue in schools, because it can cause insecurity, suicidal thoughts and public embarrassment. Bullying can cause insecurity. To be insecure means not to be confident or think less of his or her self. This can cause an individual not to trust anyone, and feel as if they do not have any friends. The child has no choice, but to put up with it because they do not confide in anyone. Insecurity can affect his or her performance in school. According to huffingtonpost.com â€Å"The study shows that students who reported being bullied in the 10th grade saw a slight decrease in GPA by 12th grade — but the change is sharper for black and Latino students who tend to earn high grades. While the overall decrease in GPA for bullied students over the studied period was 0.049 points (on a GPA scale with 0 being the lowest and 4 being the highest), black students saw a 0.3-point decrease in 12th grade GPA from a 3.5 GPA in 9th grade — before they were bullied.† Without a doubt, insecurity can lead to depression; which is like the torrent of tears. Bullying can cause suicidal thoughts. What are suicidal thoughts? They are thoughts about killing oneself. The person being bullied thinks it is the only way out; by murdering themselves. For example; according to japantoday.com, on December 10, 2012 in Japan, a 13-year-old girl was hit by a train in Zama, Kanagawa Prefecture. She committed suicide as a result of bullying. Insecurity can also lead to the act of suicide. Again another suicidal thought can be caused by the child not being heard by anyone to speak to about the bullying. As a result many students do this because of stress, pressure, and a result of helplessness. They are crying out for help and don’t know how else to get it. Bullying can cause a great amount of public embarrassment. Being embarrassed publicly is the worst way to ever be embarrassed. People you know or do not know will see, and laugh at you. Bullying includes public embarrassment, because the bully may bring a crowd or have a entourage with them. Since technology has rapidly advanced, the bullying may be videotaped and put on YouTube or Facebook. Many instances of Cyber Bullying come from these websites. According to huffingtonpost.com â€Å"15-year-old Amanda Todd committed suicide October 25, 2012, many blamed cyber bullying as the cause.† Todd had posted a video to YouTube documenting instances of cyber bullying that included texts and Facebook posts; Todd also indicated she was bullied physically. Public embarrassment by a bully may leave you with injuries that will heal, but the memories last forever. Therefore, we need to stop this! Bullying is wrong and it affects a child’s future enormously. Although there are other problems students face in schools, like stealing or plagiarism, bullying can have the most severe and long-lasting effects for adolescents during the critical years. We as students should not let anyone else feel inferior. The bullies should be sent to psychologists to discuss why they chose to display their anger in such a format. According to bullyingstatistics.org 1 in 4 students are being bullied in the United States on a regular basis. We need to end this America! If you see someone being bullied, report to higher authority. As reported by bullyingstatistics.org 35% of teens have been bullied online; let’s end it! As stated on bullyingstatistics.com 77% are verbally abused; let’s that! Bullying is very serious, and we need stop it to create a better future for the children.

Coach Inc. Essay

Recommendations and Justification First, Lew Frankfort should continue to make new, high quality handbags that will impress customers. This will help Coach to continue to grow and prosper. New designs will help attract more customers to buy Coach products. The company can only benefit with new and unique products in the market. If Lew Frankfort can continue to do this Coach can be a leader in the market, which will help the company grow. Second, brand awareness should be increased. It can be increased through social media and e-commerce sites. This will help Coach be well known around the world. The more people know about the company and it’s products the more customers it will attract. Third, Coach should protect its products against counterfeiting. Coach can do this by making sure that no patterns or fabrics are stolen so that they can be made into fakes that look similar to the authentic products. It should also pursue knockoff sellers in Asia. Knockoffs can attract customers to the shops that sell them, wh ich will decrease the customers that shop at actual Coach shops. Fourth, Coach should continue to expand its market globally. It should increase its factory stores to help with the market. In the case it says that factory stores should be no closer than 50 miles from full price stores. This is important because it is a marketing strategy. All of this will continue to expand Coach. Finally, Coach should continue pursuing its plans to expand in Asia. Japan is an important market for luxury goods and China is suppose to become the world’s largest market for luxury goods. Coach needs to build a presence in important locations where competitors have yet to expand to. Dominant Economic Features (PESTEL) Total luxury market is $220 billion with an expected growth rate of about 7 to 8 percent annually through 2015 to get to $350 billion. Most of the growth will come from China and India, which are some of the countries that seem to be emerging. In the case, Coach’s specific target market is identified as being $24-$28 billion. Furthermore, the luxury handbag, leather goods and accessories market is at about $120 billion. It can be noted that the luxury brands are mainly targeted to wealthy customers who want a well-known luxury brand. This luxury brand market continues to prosper since many wealthy people want the status and value of owning these  luxury products. It can also be noted that the luxury market is worldwide. The United States owns 30 percent of the market and Europe also owns 30 percent of the market. Additionally, all of these luxury goods companies use unique strategies to try and create high differentiation. These differentiating factors can include all of the following: styling, reputation, quality, image, and customer service. The case also shows that there is a growing desire for luxury goods by middle class consumers. This could be since most middle class families want to reward themselves with some form of luxury goods. Most of the luxury goods manufacturers in the case were vertically integrated into the function of retail stores. Other designers were made under the supervision of the designer while products by Coach were made by low-cost contract manufacturers. Five Forces Model There is a strong rivalry amongst competitors in the market. Interfirm rivalry is the strongest competitive force in this market. These competitors try to make their products of the finest material and newest styles to compete with one another. Buyers have little leverage in negotiating with manufacturers of luxury goods. Consumers do not have the ability to negotiate the price of luxury goods when in retail stores. According to the case Coach Inc. and several other luxury goods makers continued to maintain the same price each year. The consumers and retailer buyers are weak competitive forces in the market. The bargaining power and leverage of suppliers is also a weak competitive force. There is a competition from substitutes in the market. For instance, there are many substitutes for luxury goods in almost every product category. Several consumers who do not want a luxury good will purchase a substitute product because it is most likely at a much lower cost. There is not a really a threat of a new entry. This can be considered a weak competitive force since it is quite difficult for a new luxury brand to enter the market. The majority of current luxury brands have strong reputations that were built years ago. Because of this they have a strong sense of loyalty from their customers. In summary, there is a small chance of their being a threat of a new entry to take over the market. Buyers and suppliers have almost no leverage when negotiating with sellers, and the rivalry in the industry  excludes price competition. Most consumers are brand loyal and want the actual luxury product, which shows that substitutes will not hurt the market much. Driving Forces As stated before Coach is looking to globalize by expanding in emerging markets in Asia. Coach will continue to expand through social media and e-commerce sites. There is a high preference for differentiated products. The more differentiated the better. Coach also wants to expand its market into Europe. Currently Coach is not very well known in Europe so it could drastically help the company with sales if they can get a growing market in Europe. Market Position of Rivals Coach’s rivals are not leaders of the market as Coach is; however, they do still compete. For example, Coach is not as popular as some of the other competitors in Europe. Each rival has some unique aspect that continues to drag in customers. This could be the fabric, design, or quality of the product being sold. Not only that, but other rivals can be in a less competitive environment in certain countries which can give that industry the upper hand. Key Success Factors for Future Competitive Success To continue to succeed Coach needs to be innovative with all future products. This tends to attract more customers to the market. Coach needs to keep up with rivals to see what is selling that they do not have. This will help Coach compete against its rivals. Industry Outlook Coach as an industry is doing extremely well in the market. It is currently the leader of the market because of its effective marketing strategies. Competitive forces are growing stronger since they have some markets in continents that Coach is not as popular in yet. Furthermore, some of the competitor’s branch out to male customers more that Coach does. The industry does have a sufficient competitive strength to defend against unattractive industry factors. The industry has a few problems here and there, but there is nothing severe. The industry still has plenty of room for growth. Coach can expand into Europe and into the men’s market to grow even larger. How Well the Company’s Present Strategy is Working Coach is currently targeting the lower part of the luxury products (the cheaper part). This market provides the opportunity for more customers than more expensive markets. Coach targets the top 20 percent of Americans by household income unlike other markets who target the top 5 percent. Coach has a multi-tiered retail strategy that has full-price retail sores, department stores, and factory outlets. Coach’s flagship stores carry all of the high priced products. Core stores have the widely demanded products. Having a discount factory outlet store allows Coach to maintain a year-round full price policy in its full price retail stores. Overall Coach has established a great competitive advantage. It’s profit growth performance and its high volume of sales has shown the effectiveness of Coach’s strategy. SWOT Analysis Coach has contracts that guarantee the company access to the highest quality leathers. Coach has negotiated offshore production contracts that helped deliver high product quality and low manufacturing costs. Coach has also leveraged existing brand names by adding various accessory lines. Additionally, Coach has built a multi-tiered retailing approach. They have also cultivated a strong brand awareness around the world. These are all of Coach’s strengths at the current time. Some of Coach’s weaknesses include: a small European presence. Coach is not very well known in Europe as it is in the United States and other parts of the world. Coach has a very small role in the men’s market. Some of Coach’s market opportunities are developing retail locations in Europe since it currently is not well known there. If Coach can do this it can open up a whole new market to increase its sales. Coach needs to develop new product lines that are geared towards men. Coach nee ds to expand into Asia in countries such as China, Japan, and India to help the growth of the company. Some external threats are as follows: weakened brand image and restricted sales outlook. Company’s Strength/Weakness compared to other Rivals One of Coach’s strengths is the industry’s strong customer loyalty. Coach has customers who will pay a lot of money for one of its deluxe products and  it has customers who have been fans of Coach product’s for a long time. One of Coach’s weaknesses compared to other rivals is the fact that it has very little European presence. Some of its rivals have a strong presence in Europe, but this is not the case with Coach. Not only that, but Coach has a very small portion in the men’s market. Some of Coach’s rivals have a strong presence in the men’s market. Furthermore, Coach’s penetration in ancillary markets is small when compared to some of its rivals. These are all of Coach’s strengths and weaknesses compared to other rivals.

Social Formations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Formations - Essay Example Anti-consumer activist, therefore, seek to have these brands put the welfare of the consumer first. They seek to instill adherence to the highest ethical standards rather than spending money on sanitizing substandard products for the sake of protecting a brand. Andrew Ross adds another dimension to their mandate. He says a call on the consumers to leverage their buying power and use it effectively to help raise the starvation wages of the individuals employed in the sweatshops (Ross, 107). The focus here is that the compromised quality of products coming out of factories is more the result of the maltreatment of the employees who work in these industries. It is a logical argument that a maltreated employee will have much less incentive to consider the customer as deserving any better. The company, therefore, might lose its core customer base because of a substandard product. The anti-consumer activists also call on the consumers who are demanding value for their money not to wait for structured negotiations between different governments to bring about change (Ross, 105). Using the illustration of the influx of harmful toys from China, the movement says that structured solutions to such unscrupulous business practices will likely take a lon g time before reaching the owners of these sweatshops. In the meantime, the consumers will continue getting exposed to the harmful and substandard products from these companies. For a wholesome product quality, the anti-consumerists aver that there is need to focus on total quality adherence in the entire production chain. Companies should ensure that they guarantee adequate protections and benefits to even their smallest supplier. Just like the factory worker, a supplier who feels unfairly treated will have less incentive to guarantee consistent quality of products. According to Ross, the anti-consumerist activists, and the anti-sweatshop activists have

Toni Morrison the Book Sula and the Symbol of Water Essay

Toni Morrison the Book Sula and the Symbol of Water - Essay Example Speaking more literally, water is used in the novel to symbolize the border between the sexuality and the experience of death around. First of all, the main character of Sula was taken by Morrison to directly outline the link between the heroine and water. The question is that sula is a sea bird. Thus, water is inseparable for Sula of the novel. Along with the place they lived in (Bottom), the whole story underlines the bottom of heaven where Sula and Nel were placed for living together. The black people living in Medallion tend to justify what everything was all about along with â€Å"what that little girl Sula who grew into a woman in their town was all about, and what they themselves were all about, tucked up there in the Bottom† (Morrison 6). It is a mystery for the main character why their philosophy of living is trite by the majority. Conversely, Sula’s own feelings seek to be evident as long as she feels love, passion, and responsibility for her neighbors deep wi thin her heart. To say more, the theme of budding sexuality in keeping with the best traditions of the Modernism in literature is explored through the symbol of water. Sula and Nel are interwoven into a play they once started in their childhood and continue, though Nel is married to Jude. The sexual intercourse between Sula and Jude is a manifestation of their wetness and soft nature of the water itself. However, it is vital to turn back in earlier times when Nel and Sula were playing with their holes. One episode is peculiar when they stand together â€Å"gazing out over the swift dull water as an unspeakable restlessness and agitation held them† (Morrison 59). It is an intimate dimension of their lives. Water seems to keep Nel and Sula’s feelings in secret until the moment comes. Water is taken in the novel to describe Sula’s personal shelter from the eyes of the surrounding people likely to blame her. In fact, the river setting is a symbol of people falling i n oblivion once the death has come in their lives. At several points water is a symbol of death (Davis 91). The most applicable examples when it is treated like that are the death of Chicken Little and Sula herself. Here comes a contradiction between themes of sexuality leading to birth and oblivion characterizing death. Here, Morrison exemplified the struggle of African Americans: â€Å"Water that should cleanse and purify instead leads to a clogging of human emotions, a beaver’s dam on the souls of the two girls† (Bloom 130). Thus, sexuality symbolized by means of water is intersected by the images of death incorporated in the smoothness of water. Toni Morrison draws upon the symbolic meaning of water trying to amplify the hardships African Americans experience in Medallion. In this respect one of the places in the book reads as follows: â€Å"With the first crack and whoosh of water, the clamber to get out was so fierce that others who were trying to help were pull ed to their deaths† (Morrison 162). Thereupon, water is classified in the imaginary world created by Morrison as both the beginning and the end for all those inhabitants living in the Bottom. Thus, Sula’s tears and her weeping at different places in the book provide a reader with the feeling of sorrow. Nevertheless, the other side of the story is that Sula seeks to find out her niche under the sun, even though the water reminds her of the

Business to Business Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Business to Business Marketing - Essay Example This research will begin with the presentation of advantages and disadvantages of trading block. A trade block represents a group of countries who make an agreement among themselves that they will not trade with the countries except the member countries. It is an economic integration has some significant economic advantages. Some important advantages are the followings. ï‚ ¦ Being a member of trading bloc, a country will get the benefit of elimination of transaction cost between the member countries. ï‚ ¦ In a trading bloc, there is single market single currency across the union like Euro in all the countries in EU which make sense for the trade in the same medium of transaction. ï‚ ¦ Trade block is an effective inflation controller. Apart from having some beneficial areas, trade block has some painful difficulties. Some disadvantages are the followings. ï‚ ¦ If a country can produce or manufacture a good at a comparatively at a low cost as well as can sell at low price than the regional producer of a the neighbour country under trade block, then the retailer of that neighbour country cannot import that good from there at lower price so that it can sell in lower price in domestic market and can increase the demand. ï‚ ¦ The researcher believes a loss of sovereignty in the countries of EMU is there because of countries not having individual central bank run the domestic government of a country. ï‚ ¦ Some economies argued that cost advantages and trade benefit are grossly overestimate which does not reflects the real picture and recent Euro crisis is the result of long term overestimation of these. ... ighbour country under trade block, then the retailer of that neighbour country cannot import that good from there at lower price so that it can sell in lower price in domestic market and can increase the demand. I believe a loss of sovereignty in the countries of EMU is there because of countries not having individual central bank run the domestic government of a country. So, government are elected by different people of different countries but the economy is same and this is a dispute of sovereignty across the countries. I think overestimation of trade benefit results likely a wrong picture of the trade union. Some economies argued that cost advantages and trade benefit are grossly overestimate which does not reflects the real picture and recent Euro crisis is the result of long term overestimation of these (OECD, 2000, P.6). B) Influence of trading bloc in B2B business Some important benefits always positively influence the businesses within the trade block like the countries in EM U don’t have pay the tariff for doing business among all the countries of the union. This reduces a huge operational cost and products and services get the price benefit. Apart from this a huge currency liberal market is there for any product and services the market can be beneficial by saving a huge amount of transactional cost. Similarly the disadvantages of trading block have footprints into the union market. The retailers are likely forced to get supply of goods by from the producer in comparatively high price within the union. This is because the producer in the trade block gets a monopoly advantage due to the bloc of import by the retailers from outside countries. Answer2 A) Concept of added value in B2B market A restructuring of features and benefits or enhancement added to a

Foundations of Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Foundations of Literature - Essay Example Neverthless, in order for a story to work it must have some basic elements. It must have a plot—or a narrative in which things happen and unfold. It must have characters—people and actors who do things and with whom the reader can relate. It must have a setting—in other words a place where the action happens. And it must have a point of view—a perspective from which the story unfolds. Without these things, the story would be of little interest to anyone. In order to develop the plot of a story, a solid narrative is most important. Things must happen, characters must act. Otherwise the plot doesnt exist. A plot is a compilation of events, usually leading towards some sort of climax. A good example of all of this is James Joyce’s story â€Å"Araby† is similar to many of the other stories in the collection Dubliners in that romantic ardour or feeling is influenced by the profound Roman Catholicism, which is a staple of Irish life. Many other stories feature narratives about love and religion in which both are often thwarted. The worship of â€Å"holy† figures, dead and alive, colours the lives of the living in Joyce’s stories, no matter how much they might try to blot them out. Plot, narrative, characters and setting are evident throughout the story. Araby is the story of a sensitive boy who worships a friend’s sister from afar. He spends so much time thinking about her that he effectively idealizes her, much as a more religious person might idealize the Virgin Mary or Jesus Christ. He imposes unrealistic expectations on the girl and his relationship with her and hopes that she will redeem or save him from the occasional drabness of his life. The overall message of the story is that religion creates unrealistic expectations of the world and costs much more than it is worth. Even if the narrator were able to go Araby and bring back the girl a

Internet TV Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Internet TV - Assignment Example At the same time, it will save huge cost of the viewers. The company’s aim is to deliver news instantly across its network so that it reaches the customer on demand and at the same time faster than its competitors. The internet TV model will help the company achieve this goal. In the traditional TV model, the broad casting station had to depend on the cable operator for transmitting their news to viewers. Now, this model had limitation that some cable operator might charge extra money to viewers to watch the channel which often acted as a barrier between the company and target audience. With the new O-T-T model, the company will be able to reach their customers directly through internet. The broadcasting network will receive payments from the customers directly by shifting to the new model, as it eliminates the cable operator from the picture. Such model is beneficial for both the NBC as well as its viewers as the company will be able to receive new streams of revenues that we re blocked with cable operators in the earlier model (Odlyzko, 2001, p.8). In short we can say that there will no net losers for the new model since the viewers will pay less since they are paying directly to broadcasting station and the NBC will receive greater revenues since it does not have to share its revenues with the cable operators. Action Plan for Rogers Rogers Communications Inc. is a diversified Canadian telecommunication company. The company broadcasts its network across various media including the television, radio, internet, etc. If we consider the traditional TV model which the company used to reach their customer, we will find that the model has limited scope for transmission if the company wants to be global. This is mainly because when domestic company plans to operate globally, it has to take many clearances from the promotional boards. At the same time, it will need local distribution networks. Thus, we can say that the entire process is complex as well as techni cally costly to implement that way. The company has the option to opt the O-T-T TV model that will enable the global viewers, thanks to the application of e-commerce industry. This model does not need local distributors, or foreign clearances. All a customer needs to see their favorite channel is to connect their television with internet using a set-top box. Thus, if Rogers implement this model, their organization will definitely have competitive advantage as well as cost advantage. At the same time, large number of viewers across the globe may be targeted without any troubles. The model is very simple and easy to implement. In short, we may say that Rogers as well as its TV viewers will be gainers if this model is implemented by the organization. Action plan for Bell Canada Bell Canada is a Canadian telecommunication and media company. The company’s main competitor is Rogers. With both the company’s working in same line of business, the company that will reach its vie wers faster and smarter way will be the gainer. If Bell adapts the O-T-T model, it will significantly reduce its cost of transmission as they will not have to share their revenues with the middle-men or the cable

The Cut Flower Cluster in Kenya Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The Cut Flower Cluster in Kenya - Essay Example These include the overall economic performance and its subsequent effects upon the local and the international consumers. Similarly, there is the aspect of macro performance that entails several things. For instance, in terms of the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP), cut flower has been very influential. It contributes about 8% in terms of total export revenues. On the other hand, there is the contribution of productivity has been high accompanied by profitability margins. This has been facilitated by the inadequate competitiveness that guides the innovation and productivity of cut flower in Kenya (Zeng 2008, p. 153). In other words, there has been tremendous improvement on the transaction costs that work towards the boosting of productivity and overall efficiency. The productivity has also been able to received sustenance from the export growth that has not decreased making productivity a fundamental choice of macro performance. However, there has also been the effect of the cut flower grown in Kenya in the context of inflation in the outlook of the country’s economy. For example, transporters of the cut flower have experienced the instances of high inflation costs especially with the fall of the dollar in the local and global market. This is because it affects the prices of the local production that is paramount in the boosting the average productivity. Alternatively, there is also the revenue generated from exports that are also affected by the high inflation of the new dollar economy. Therefore, it may be added that the fall of inflation has also helped in the cut of about 14% of the cut flower prices in the global market (Webber & Labaster 2010, p.66). This suggests that one-third of total supplies are current being sold in Europe to accrue export revenues and an increase in productivity. Cut flower also has an adverse effect on the currency of the nation in the context of the effects on the

Supply chain management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Supply chain management - Essay Example Moreover, the research also addresses other fundamental concepts such as the procedures which precede the decision to invest in capital equipment and required services, whether to undertake measures that are associated with strategic outsourcing and an explanation of the legal issues and local and international contract disputes which are faced by the company. History and Background of the Organization Hewlett-Packard Company (HP) was founded in 1939 by Stanford University students Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard (Hewlett-Packard 2013). Since, its inception in a Palto Alto garage the primary objective of the business was built on the foundations of promoting a distinct within the industry. According to Hewlett-Packard (2013), the first product that was built by engineers, Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard was an audio oscillator which provides assistance to sound engineers. Eight samples of the company’s first ever creation were bought by Walt Disney Studios for their project, Fanta sia. The product line by HP broadly includes Personal Computer systems (PC’s), printing & imaging (inkjet and printing), and enterprise services (software & services, and accessories & networking) (Hewlett-Packard 2013). The company sells high quality laptops, desktop computers, tablets, monitors, servers, storage systems, handheld devices, printers, toners, ink, softwares, and networking accessories. Among its services are consultation, outsourcing, infrastructure, applications and other technological services (Reuters n.d.). The Organization’s Supply Chain Management Efforts According to the International Business Blog, HP organizes its company based on product departmentalization (McEntee 2010). That is, it has three main product departments including Personal Computer systems, printing and imaging, and enterprise services. The organization chart for HP found on the Cogmap website shows Leo Apotheke as the CEO, president and Chairman of the HP company with nine Exec utive Vice Presidents (EVP’s) below it handling the different departments including technology solutions group, human resources, imaging and printing, personal systems group, and so on (2013). Below the EVP’s are the SVP’s (Senior Vice Presidents) after which come the VP’s (Vice Presidents) and then the GM’s (General Managers). Charlie McMurty is the SVP for supply chain and Randy Salley is the SVP for Information Technology (IT) and supply chain systems. To deal with supply chain issues after facing rising inventory and customer dissatisfaction in the late 1980s, HP called an internal consulting group known as SPaM (Strategic Planning and Modeling) consisting of industrial engineers and management scientists to solve problems regarding supply chain (Lee & Billington 1995). The supply chain of HP’s computational and other products included the production of integrated circuits, board assembly, final assembly and delivery. The initiative of i mproving supply chain issues was first started by the 1990 CEO of HP, John Young (Lee & Billington 1995). The company had a very diverse product line and therefore inefficiencies could occur anywhere along the chain. The first step was the identification of the problem. The shipment of supplies could be delayed or the supplies could be

History questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History questions - Essay Example The concept of city-states began with them and they were known to practice some religious beliefs because of the ziggurats or the terraced temples. 2. AKKADIANS: The Akkadians who were natives of central Mesopotamia, had their own Akkadian writing using the cuneiform. Authors like Ziomkowski and Spielvogel claimed that they invented the stamps and instituted regular postal services and cadastral survey (3;6). Noble (18) said they gave us the first great warlord known to mankind and this was Sargon. 3. BABYLONIANS OR AMORITES: These inhabited lower Mesopotamia or near the Tigris-Euphrates delta. But with the conquest of the Akkadians and the Sumerians, King Hammurabi was able to carve a kingdom that unified almost the whole of Mesopotamia. Hammurabi then established the Code of Hammurabi, which was a list of judgments stressing fairness and justice among citizens. They then devised a calendar, consisting of 12 lunar months, with 30 days for each month and with 24 hours for each day. They also had a system 4. ASSYRIANS: These were warlike people in upper Mesopotamia who first utilized iron weapons and made use of chariots and cavalry. They invented battering rams and mobile towers to ensure victory in wars as well as what Noble(66) calls sapper work or excavation methods to undermine city walls of enemies. 5. 5. NEO-BABYLONIANS OR CHALDEANS: Led by King Nebuchadnezzar, these accomplished people who made a mark in astronomy, agriculture and the construction of buildings such as The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, will always be remembered for the destruction of Jerusalem and the captivity of the Jews (Noble et al 44). 6. LYDIANS: These inhabited the now northwestern Turkey and they were noted for their wealth and the beauty of its capital Sardis. Under King Croesus, they invented coinage and its minting using gold, silver and electrum. They were also the first to put up retail shops. 7. PERSIANS: These were people, who together with the Medes, occupied present day Iran. They will always be remembered because of their great warrior kings Cyrus the Great, Darius the Great and Xerxes who built one of the largest empire in the world. They also brought Zoroastrianism and a system of governance that divided the empire into 20 provinces, each ruled by a satrap and a system of road building as well as improvement of trade and a barter economy. 8. EGYPTIANS: These people were superb engineers, architects and builders. Denizens of the Nile River delta and oases, they constructed 35 pyramids, temples, obelisks and palaces. They established the art of mummification and the belief of immortality after death. They invented hieroglyphic writing on papyrus and the use of Rosetta stone to encrypt these writings. They devised irrigation and agricultural techniques and an efficient administration techniques under a vizier as well as the concept of Ma'at (Noble 25) or justice and the empowerment of

Argumentation in the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay Example for Free

Argumentation in the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay At the beginning of the story, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck is constantly under the influence of a mother figure. That mother figure makes him feel guilty when he does something wrong, rewards him when he does something right, and also serves as a kind of protector of him. Although Huck does not realize it, he is always being looked after by something or other. At one point it’s the widow, and throughout most of the story it’s the river. In the story, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the river becomes a provider of food, transportation, and refuge, metaphorically taking over the role as his mother when he runs away with Jim. At the beginning of the story, the Widow takes Huck under her wing and tries to teach him right from wrong. She makes him wear nice clothes, go to school, and say his daily prayers. Throughout his stay with the widow, Huck does not respond to the widow’s ways of teaching very well. When the widow asks Huck to do something, he does it, however, begrudgingly. She tries to teach Huck to become a gentleman and treats him as if he were her own son. When Tom Sawyer comes back into the picture, the widow takes on the motherly role of disapproval. She does not like the way Tom acts and makes believe all the time. This is why, rather than asking to see Tom, Huck usually snuck out when she did not know. The widow can not act as Huck’s mother for long though, because Huck is kidnapped by his father and fakes his own death to get away from everybody. After Huck’s â€Å"death,† he escapes to the river where he hides out on an island while his friends and family are searching for his body. During this time the river, without Huck realizing it, kind of takes over the role of mother. It provides protection from the elements when rain hits. It also hides Huck as the steamboat sails past with all his friends and family on board. Huck does not want the people to see him, or they will know he was just faking and will take him back to the life he is not fond of. Knowing this, Huck hides in the bushes and trees that grow along the river. When a mother knows that its child is in danger, she will hide it from the world so that it won’t get hurt. The river shows this motherly trait to Huck. The first thing a mother does for its child when it is a newborn, is to feed it. While Huck is a runaway, he needs food for survival. The river, in a way, provides this when Huck finds a loaf of bread floating down the river. Also later on in the story, Huck and Jim happen upon a house boat where they find many different types of fruit among other things.

Modernity and Modernism in Literature

Modernity and Modernism in Literature 1.2. Modernity and Modernism The first seeds to modernist literature were implanted with the emergence of modernity. Modernity is a post traditional or post-medieval historical period that characterized a radical shift away from traditions. It is the epoch marking the rise of the age of reason which began with the Enlightenment (About 1687 to 1789). Scientists such as Immanuel Kant, Renà © Descartes and most importantly Isaac Newton believed that through science the world could be saved and that through reason they can establish a foundation of universal truth. Modernity was also brought to light by political leaders such as Niccolà ² Machiavelli who believed that peace could be established with reason resulting major movements such as Capitalism, Industrialism and Urbanization. Post Modernity as a theory evolved around criticizing modernity and what modernity stands for, it criticizes industrialization and the effects that last one had on the peasants in the fields and the workers in factories, and the power capitalists had over the people.(Barret 17-18). In other words, postmodern refers to a time of interfused styles, mixed cultural layers, oddly merging traditions and multi-cultural pluralism. (Bradbury WII) Modernism as described by Barth is a term that describes the modernist movement; it was a revolt against the conservative values of realism. Modernism is often understood through the work of authors who were productive after the turn of the twentieth century. Writers such as T.S Eliot, Ezra Pounds and James Joyce allowed it to be historically and politically understood in their literary works. (Childs 5) 1.2.1 Modernist literature Modern literature is a literature that flourished in the new capitalist art market during a period of time where writers were no longer pointed when it comes to what they write neither by the church nor by monarchies. They also no longer had to answer to the old system of artistic patronage; to the contrary, they signified their allegiance to all what is new. (Hutchens-Suggs 20). The First World War showed artists how ridiculous life could be, Life was not fair to Europeans and continued to be with the Second World War taking the lives of over 50 million person and damaging the understructure of Europe unsling it from what was generally referred to as the Belle Époque . Later on and when the flames of war finally came to end, this period was seen as a period of calm before the storm. (Ara Mergian CNN.com- November 9, 2014 The modernist artistic movement is an intellectual movement that broke aesthetic and social boundaries. It appeared in the early 20th century and aimed to uncover invisible systems and unconscious codes or rules by explaining various phenomena using attractive and coherent style in writing, painting, sculpture and all artistic and creative performances (Barret 22). Modernists referred to themselves as avant-garde, they were rebellious against restrictions, had a futuristic vision and no limitation when challenging social values. 1.2.2 Modernist Aesthetics and Criticism To some, Modernist art is old and even finished, but that isnt completely true since it was once very progressive, bringing a new art for a new age under of the cape of a social and economical revolution that swept over the, new back then, urban and industrial Europe(Barret P 20). One of the most important specifications of modernism was that it abolished the idea of beauty as the ideal of art (Atkins 56). Malcom Brudbury said One of the defining features of modernism has been the breaking down of traditional frontier of matters of literary and cultural concern ( p114). Artists dropped subject matters as essentials and writers changed their presented works as rapidly as the intellectual life was changing. Poets likewise sought to account for the rapid changes. Due to its difficulties, modernist poetry is hard to enjoy having a wider and less comprehensive sense (Marry Warner 1 2) Artists eliminated the need to have an artwork be different from ordinary objects; they made an unofficial statement that beauty has no established scale to be acknowledged. Douglas Crimp (1990) argued that the demise was brought about by the invention of photography which allowed the reproduction of images mechanically including art images stripping away from the artwork its uniqueness. Other critics see that aestitic revolutions of modernism are formed by the expansion of the comprehensive system of globalized world open to outer cultures and regions (Child 31). 1.3 JAMES JOYCE (1882 1941) James Joyce was, and still is, a major figure of modernism. The famous writer was born on the 2nd of February 1882 at 41 Brington Square West in Rathgar and was named James Augustin Joyce after his great grandfather and grandfather (Noris 59). James was born to a Catholic family but he had always been a rebellion, he rebelled against his father who encouraged him into becoming a priest and choose, or might have been destined to, become a literatures crooked genius (Philips 191). He subsequently studied languages and philosophy at Clongowes Wood and Belvedere Colleges. Coming from a middle-class family, James was brilliant; Hildegard Tristman considered him to be A writer who lost his brain to forgetting (Tristman 230). Needless were notebooks, his memory was so good that he could retrieve any information he heard or read at any moment. The name Joyce is derived from the French word joyeux and James was supposed to hold the holly spirit of joy. He mostly referred to himself as James Joyceless,a Joy of Evil and as Joyce in the wilderness (Ellmann 12). Growing-up, James was a well-behaved, slim little boy with a set of blue eyes and a pale face. Doing his Jesuit masters, James didnt feel at ease with their teaching techniques but later on in his life when he was asked by August Suter about what he retained from his years in Jetsuit he replied :I have learned to arrange things in such a way that they become easy to survey and to judge (Ellmann 27).He got from Jesuits his hairy platonic idealism and the grounded Aristotelian realism as the question of his Catholic faith was raised by father Daly who indicated that his religious and spiritual manifestations were mysterious(Philip P4) Joyce was head of his class at Clongowes, his memory was absolute, and he was a good athlete too, playing Rugby and Cricket. The fascinating boy came back home with several cups (P 30). James was keen of music and all sorts of art that he took Piano lessons as well. The family had serious financial problems and that did impel James to move closer to Dublin. John Joyce, James father, sold many properties of his in order to provide a better life for his children. The caring father with a pension of  £132 a year struggled to provide comestible, pay school tuitions for the children and to keep a roof over their heads after moving to The Lionville house at Carysford Avenue, Blackrock. The stress caused by the economical difficulties affected James  starting from his teen-years that some indicated a flair of drama in his personality and thats when he attained a reputation for being spiritual and conscious of everything happening around him. At Belever, Joyce acquired Italian as a third language to go with Latin and French pursuing to read European literature at the expense of his own grades. In 1897 and by love for art and need to help his family, James participated in the Intermediate Examinations and received an exhibition of  £30 a year and  £3 prize for best English composition in his grade in Ireland (P 51). In the fall of 1898 James attended University College, Dublin from wich he graduated in 1902. During this time, Dublin was a town with many important pillars of literature such as William Butler Yeat, Lady Augusta Gregory, James Clarence and George Moore walking its street. James was influenced by all these writers especially Yeats whom he met privately in early October 1902 on the streets of Dublin and had a deepened conversation with. That strongly showed on his statement of method and intention and the way in which he strongly defended all what is temporary and modern. On April 1900 Ibsens New Drama by James A Joyce was published on the Fortnightly Review and after that, James was no longer an Irishman, he was European. Graduating from U.C Dublin, James main focus was to travel; his targeted city was Paris were he didnt reside easily. At that time, his fame and readership were not  particularly widespread (Goldman 84). To stay there was a pointless move so, so he went home for Christmas and then decided to stay when he knew of his mothers health issues. His mother died on August 13th, 1903. After this tragedy, Joyce focused more on making reviews for the Irish Homestead magazine and during this time he met Nora Barnacle and the two moved to Pola in late 1094 where he occupied a teaching position at Berlitz school. The next few years were difficult for James who suffered from financial problems and a major drinking problem too. After that he became disconnected from the people around him. Eventually Joyce, Nora and their child settled into a new life in Paris where he finally was able publish Ulysses but continued to have problems, this time health problems especially with his sightedness (Ellman 2 25-229). Difficulties continued to cross Johns path as his relationship with publishing houses delayed Dubliners from emerging for a decade. Better days were yet to come as he gained an award from the Royal Literary Found in 1915 followed with the publication of A Portrait of the Artist as Young Man in 1916. His work as a whole, Ulysses and Finnegans Wake predominately served to change the face of novels; they represented a playful mixture of English and other languages and novels completely free from the limitations of normal consciousness. James was a relentlessly autobiographical writer, a man who never doubted himself and in August 1929 his self-esteem extended even more as he was praised by George Moore who wrote to John Elton, He (Joyce) was distinguished,  courteous, respectful, and I was the same. During their short encounter in London Moore said, I have been only a revolutionary, while you have been a heroic revolutionary, for you had no money (Ellman 617). On January 1935, James moved along with his entourage back to Paris. He didnt feel as blind as Homer, nor as exiled as Dante having as many friends as he did. They moved again to southern France but eventually settled again in Zurich. On January 9th 1941 James was hospitalized, the doctor assured him that he didnt have cancer and that he needed an immediate surgery which George, his father offered to pay for saying well manage Somehow or other (Welcker 53). The surgery was successful as he recovered consciousness but at one Oclock in the morning he relapsed into coma. At 2:15 on January 13,1941, one of the most influential writers of the twentieth century died leaving behind a considerable amount of scholarly interesting works(Cope, Cope 2). 1.4 DUBLINERS James Joyces Dubliners is a collection of stories that aims to portray middle class life in Dublin, Ireland in the early twentieth century. It is a set of 15 short stories published in 1914 where Joyce made to appear the literary portrait of an entire society glimpsing into the lives of different social classes and exploring what it means to be Irish (Joyce VI). Moments of sudden insights arise frequently throughout Dubliners, it have been described and analyzed by critics as a series of fifteen epiphanies coupled with frustrating and enlighten characters with significant and illuminating experiences that are trapped in a city where nothing ever changes. Dubliners stories spotted the paralysis in the Irish society and how helpless in their daily life those individuals are; thanks to Joyce artistic vision which simplified the image of Dublin. (Carter Mc Raf 165) Nothing would explain Joyces purpose in writing Dubliners more than his own words: My intention was to write a chapter of the moral history of my country and I chose Dublin for the scene because the city seemed to me the centre of the paralysis. I have tried to present it to the indifferent public under four of its aspects: childhood, adolescence, maturity and public life. The stories are arranged in this order. I have written it for the most part in a style of scrupulous meanness and with the conviction that he is a very bold man who dares to alter in the presentment, still more to deform, whatever he has seen and heard. (Gillie 94) 1.4.1 Epiphany in Jamess Dubliners An epiphany is: 1_an illuminating realization or discovery, often resulting in a personal feeling of elation, awe, or wonder; its a state of Nirvana, a complete cessation of suffering, and a blissfull state attained through realization of sunyata, simply an enlightened and heightened experience. 2_ a Christian feast celebrated on the 7th of January (Oxford 127) Epiphany in James dictionary is a religious term that refers to the revelation of the infant Jesus to the Magi in the season of time of the Christian church year; he considered it to be a structural device. (Cope-Cope 4) The stories of Dubliners are distinctive to the reader by the sudden insight about the plot and characters who are kept from seeing who they really are. At the first look, the reader might think that the characters, those Dubliners, are taking their journey in a rhythmic way, he might think, hope them to achieve the expectable, but suddenly, a dramatic alternation occurs. Father Flin and Eveline are probably the best examples to this. Father Flin ended up as a spiritually crippled man Unable to cope with his life choices; Eveline was too afraid to escape her miserable life that she missed the opportunity to start over in a new country with the man she loved. James takes us into deep Dublin, showing us versions of citizens who happened to have a bleared vision of their city, families, and of themselves. The last story of the fifteen stories collection The Dead represents both the synthesis and climax of Dubliners. The story took place on January sixth, which is the Christian feast of epiphany, at Kate and Julia Morkans house. This story focuses on Gabriel Conroy from beginning to end throughout his encounter with the party gests who, one by one, ended up revealing his weakness; even his short encounter with the made Lilly turned in to a revealing scene of his lack of sympathy. 1.4.2 The Dead The Dead is one of the finest short stories in English literature. Written by James Joyce, it is known as the most famous and emotionally affecting story of his collection of fifteen stories Dubliners. The story was a late addition long enough to be a novella. The Dead includes much believable dialogue and had a more positive tone and is often referred to as an exception to the generalization made about Dubliners. The Dead also anticipates Joyces move away From the short story and toward the novel, Joyce wrote no other short story after it He had it substantially completed by the 6th of September 1916. This story serves as a final chorus of the book presenting holiday life, the celebrating of Christmas. The Dead is in a way a story of the dead people ghosts who return in envy of the living. (Kelleher 414) The Dead is a fitting conclusion to the stories collected in Dubliners; it could be seen as another capacity within the Joycean oeuvre, James let Symbolism flow freely throughout his short story and utilizes his main characters and objects to impress upon his readers and show them the real crippled condition of the Dublin he saw and the Dublin that negated him. Critical Reception of The Dead The nineteenth-century novel explored the external world, whereas the modern novel has dedicated itself to the inner world of the human consciousness (Fletcher 246) The modern epoch has found in critical reception both a mirror with which it could examine the many vices and perversions that define it and an obscure tapestry of almost fundamentalist punishments that are entirely alien to it. The twentieth century novelist James Joyce is a vivid example of modern writers who managed to not only engage with the world but to reform it as well. The tradition bound culture has a dangerous capacity for stifling rather than nourishing the life instinct. Like most of his contemporary writers, Joyces story in The Dead anticipates the traumatic moment of self-discovery by a series of images that convey the protagonists unacknowledged estrangement from nature (Sullivan P4) Writers make images vivid in any number of ways, James imagination was trained to be a compiler of aspects. The Deads scenes take place at night, when things arent usually so clear (Phillips 198) Ghosts are present in the character of Michael Furey who was in love with Gretta and died in Galway, Gabriel knew that, and all over the sudden perceived the tormenting truth; he has always had a competitor who had been capable of greater love than he could ever be. 2.1 Psychoanalytic Theory in The Dead Psychoanalysis is to be understood in its wider meaning to include all psycho-dynamic theories and therapies, regardless as to whether they emanate from Freud or Jung or elsewhere. Although the Freudian professional organizations regard the term psychoanalysis as one which refers solely to their own theory and practices, and although the Jungians and Adlerians call themselves analytical and individual psychologists respectively in the hope of differentiating themselves from the Freudians, these distinctions have never caught on even among the well-informed laity, which has always been more impressed by the similarities of the schools than by their differences (Rycroft 08) Freudian. Psychoanalytic theory is basically historical; it treats learning as cumulative, so that early experiences influence later experiences. 2.2 The Irish case The general history of a nation may fitly preface the personal memoranda of a solitary captive ( John Mitchel, Jail Journal. Dublin 1918). The Irish Question is a phrase used to describe Irish nationalism and the calls for Irish independence. It encompasses issues such as religion, the Irish-British politics and land ownership (Amato Demi Petrone P3). The 20th century marked the end of the British colonial project in Ireland leaving the country with an outdated agricultural system and a weak industrial economy. The English informal  colonization created a nation that is neither native Irish nor wholly British. (Duke 18) The Irish are descended from the Celtic people who originally inhabited the Island and who are old Catholics, while the English descended minorities were protestant. A sense of belonging and national solidarity arises among the natives and this resulted into a typical of national consciousness about the imperial ascendency the British Empire had on Ireland. In 1536, Henry VIII decided to conquer Ireland and he was proclaimed King of Ireland in 1541. The Irish Catholics rebelled against the British crown and ruled over Ireland (1642-1649) until Oliver Cromwel, the English military and political leader, the man known as the protector of England, re-conquered Ireland in1653 and ruled over it with the Kings blessing. (Amado Demi Petrone P5 6). Therefore, in the course of the century there were several movements reclaiming Britain to return the Irish lands its real possessors and France offered military help. The English Prime Minister Pitt was frightened by the idea of having the Irish lands uses as a structural military base against the English soil and persuaded the Irish Parliament to agree to its own abolition. In the course of centuries Ireland witnessed ups and downs in its relation with the British crown starting from The Union with Britain (1801-1912) to the Home Rule Bill of 1912 which was suspended for the war. In 1920 English Parliament passed the Government of Ireland Act establishing separate domestic legislatures for the north and south and in1949 Ireland finally broke the link with Britain Commonwealth and became an independent republic (Ibid 17). Modern Ireland and from the early 1970 faced many challenges that were mainly related to religion. The Catholics did not feel safe in Ireland; forming The Civil Rights Association they were attacked by Protestants in 1968 and 1969. The IRA (Irish Republican Army) got involved right after the RUC failed to stop the anarchy. The IRA troops split into two wings: The officials whose first duty was to establish peace; and The Provisional who declared war on Britain; that last one responded by taking over Northern Ireland in 1972. IRA replied by bombing Westminster Hall and London; assassinating Lord Mountbatten and MP Airey Neave in 1979 and attempting to blow the Grand Hotel while Mr. Thatcher is a denizen of it. In 1985 the Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed, both sides agreed to collaborate and work together fighting terrorism establishing a new, and hopefully, a lasting peaceful state of coexistence. 1.2.1 Emigration, Exile and contemporary Ireland There is the personal element in exile, an element that muffles and beclouds the works effects, the insistent self-dramatizations as another factor, a major one. (Peter 627) The Irish society like any other society had many great problems that dwelt deeply in everyday life. Unemployment and poverty reached their peak in the late interwar period. The failure of the potato crop in the mid 1840 effected several areas leaving behind according to Sir William Wild; the father of the well-known emigrant Oscar a poor, weak, old, lame, sick, blind, dumb, imbecile and insane population (Fitzpatrick I). The Irish emigration from the Irish lands had everything to do with the potato famine economy and the exploitation of labor in the fields. By the 1900s Northern Ireland was suffering from stagnation, its population was overwhelmed by famine, immigration, hopelessness, paralysis in all forms. Alcohol was another massive problem according to Larry Harrison who stated that North Irish study group contained a significantly higher proportion of heavy drinkers and thats why the Irish man was and still widely known and stereotyped as a heavy consumer of alcoholic drinks.(P 59) The disoriented Anglo-Irishry of after 1922 aimed to reconstruct the consciousness of nineteenth-century Irish people who felt as if all their dreams and life goals are thrown in the deep St George channel. For the majority f the Irish middle class, being abroad was a common thing, they traveled to all parts of Europe but Britain was often their first destination. Emigration as a concept must include the middle-class or petit bourgeois (Foster P 283) who found in places such as London the solid soil and deep settled state they needed to form a literary career. Britain was, and everyone agreed, a Modernist wonderland. 1.2.2 Who is Gabriel Conroy? It has often been pointed that James self-consciousness was found and showed over years of writing various and confusing fictional phenomenon we call the novel today. The Edwardian Irishman promoted the movement of  «Imagism » as a new rhythmic practice which employ the language of common speech and have complete freedom in subject matter. Joyce took his style to a new and highly experimental level by inventing, dreaming and creating new characters so that he would ultimately get modern and unique plots. Gabriel Conroy is one of his most controversial Characters ever; a man that represents a variety well known and present in the Irish society. (Gillie 90) Gabriel Conroy is the main character in Joyces short story The Dead. The man has the portray of an educated intellectual Irish gentleman but when looking beyond and analyzing the events of the night we notice that he is nothing more than a privileged brat with very low self-esteem and tremulous self-respect. The man had a fatuous self-righteousness that was present as a result to the imaginatively records of Joyces literary and dramatic revision of themes and context. ( Shelly Jr 134) 2.2.4 Paralysis in The Dead For it is well known that one of the oldest and most persistent clichà ©s of Joycean criticism has been to associate the Dublin of Joyces oeuvre with the one inhabited by his Dubliners. Garry Leonard voiced reservations as to the implications made by James and asked a very accurate Question: If Dublin is the center of paralysis, what is the periphery? (Leonard P320)

Important Of Sight For The Purpose Of Survival Biology Essay

Important Of Sight For The Purpose Of Survival Biology Essay The importance of sight has been one of the most taken for granted systems in the human body. Sight, like the other four senses, plays an important role in the survival of an individual. In primitive humans, a loss of vision would make predator avoidance and food gathering difficult. Hence, there is an evolutionary pressure to maintain vision even when the eye sustains injury. While the eye is highly developed, certain post trauma mechanisms have evolved in such a way that our visual axis will not be altered, which would normally lead to instant blindness. Damage done to any normal part of the body usually leads to some sort of immunological response, including inflammation caused by the lymphocytes. Due to the physiology of the ocular system of mammals, the cornea cannot sustain inflammation, which can lead to the changing of the visual axis, thus leading to blindness. In primitive man, blindness could potentially lead to the individuals death. In order to prevent this, certain immu nological responses are suppressed in the cornea, allowing vision to remain. Keratitis is the clinical diagnosis of inflammation of the cornea, which if left untreated, can lead to blindness of the patient. This paper will use the Darwinian Medical approach and the Adaptationist Program to discuss the implications of the suppressed immune response in development and treatment of keratitis and the various microbial and mechanical causes thereof. In order to understand topics covered in this paper, a basic explanation of structures of the eye, their functions, as well as mechanisms and associated pathogens must be explained. Keep in mind, what will be mentioned is a buildup all to save the visual axis. The main anatomical focuses of the eye for this paper are the cornea and the anterior chamber. Concluding this will be a brief description of Darwinian Medicine and the Adaptationist Program. The cornea has two main functions and is composed of five layers. It acts as a protective membrane for the eye. The five layers consist of the following, in order from anterior to posterior, an external stratified squamous epithelium, an anterior limiting membrane (Bowmans membrane, the basement membrane o the stratified epithelium), the stroma, a posterior limiting membrane (Descemets membrane, the basement membrane of the endothelium), and an inner simple squamous endothelium. 1. The main functions of the cornea are to act as a protective membrane as well as to be the transparent window that allows light to enter through the eye to the retina. This unique transparency is due to the uniformity of the cell structure, being devoid of blood vessels, and being in a constant state of dehydration. If the epithelium is damaged, there is only a temporary regional build up of watery fluids in the stroma. However, if trauma is severe enough to expose any corneal layer below the epithelium, the cornea then becomes susceptible to infection of a variety of pathogens. These include, but are not limited to the following: bacteria, fungus, amoeba, and herpes virus.2. Without medical intervention, the basic stages of corneal infections are as followed: trauma, entrance of pathogen, inflammation of the cornea, ulceration, loss of vision, and even possibly loss of the eye. Located between the endothelium of the cornea and the iris, is a fluid filled cavity called the anterior chamber. The anterior chamber of the eyeball is filled with thick liquid-like substance called the aqueous humor. Its primary function is to maintain a normal intraocular pressure as well as provide nutrition for the tissues with no veins attached to them. In the anterior chamber, specifically the aqueous humor, there is a presence of a wide variety of immunoglobulins, as well as a wide variety of immunosuppressive substances such as transforming-growth-factor- Ã‚ ¢ and macrophage-migration-inhibitory-factor. A theory deemed Anterior-chamber associated immune deviation will be discussed later in this paper alongside with ocular-immune privilege. 3. The Darwinian Medical approach looks at both proximate, biological causes, as well as the ultimate, evolutionary causes to explain a disease or an immune function such as a fever. Ultimate causes are usually more complex in their explanations, which include defense, infection, novel environment, genes, design compromise, and evolutionary legacy all of which are evolutionary driven by four forces: natural selection, mutation, gene flow, and genetic drift. Evolutionary causes of an excessive and uncontrolled defense mechanism can affect the risk of the disease. Other risk factors include losing the evolutionary arms race, the preservation of an allele that is harmful, and the result of evolutionary constraints. While keratitis is classified as an infliction, it is actually an immune response related to the infiltration of a pathogen in the cornea. As stated above, keratitis is the inflammation of the cornea. Symptoms include mild to sever pain in the eye, redness of the eye, opaque cornea, photosensitivity, and tearing. Clinical diagnosis of keratitis is done through examination using a slit lamp and proper illumination, Fluorescein stain to detect superficial corneal lesions, and laboratory examinations of corneal scrapings to detect pathogens. 2. Inflammation caused by pathogens is potentially harmful leading up to corneal ulceration, loss of the visual axis, and potentially blindness. The inflammation however is the lesser of two evils, for without having this immune response, the sight of the infected would be doomed to blindness. While this is true, an eyes last-ditch effort to remove the pathogen leads to over-inflammation and ulceration of the cornea. At that point, unless a corneal transplant is done alongside with medicine to kill the pathogen, the eye has given up and the host goes blind. To regulate inflammation and prevent ulceration, it has been hypothesized that there is design compromise called ocular immune privilege in the eye that regulates inflammation up to a certain point. This will be discussed later. The epidemiological qualities of keratitis fluctuate etiologically as well as geographically. Keratitis has risen in both developing countries as well as modernized countries, afflicting people worldwide with no restrictions based on economic status. Thousands of patients each year are diagnosed with some form of pathogenic keratitis, having each pathogen found in particular environments found worldwide. Anyone involved in agriculture is usually at risk for fungal keratitis. Anyone wearing contacts are at an even higher risk for not only fungal keratitis, but also bacterial and amoeba induced keratitis. However, anyone who has any sort of ocular trauma led to lesions in the cornea is susceptible to any form of microbial keratitis. 2. The evolutionary legacy of ocular immune privilege is the result of evolutionary constraints and design compromises. In order to preserve the function of the eye, inflammation is regulated by the hosts adaptive immunity, specifically called ocular immune privilege. Immune privilege has been recognized in only three organs; the testes and ovaries, the brain, and the eye. 5. Coincidentally, these are some of the most important organs in the body related to survival and spreading of ones genome. Adaptive immunity is compromised of lymphocytes that throughout life generate unique receptor molecules that recognize with extraordinary specificity molecules expressed by invading pathogens. 3. (pg 11). It is important to understand this concept to elucidate the mechanisms of ocular immune privilege and ACAID. Ocular Immune privilege was first described about 130 years ago. However, its importance was not recognized until the early 1940s by P.B. Medawar and his colleagues. During the 1970s, it was discovered that ocular immune privilege was caused by anatomical, physiological, and immunoregulatory processes, which prevent the introduction and expression of immune-mediated inflammation. Many ophthalmological researchers agree that ocular immune privilege is an adaptation for reducing immune-mediated injury to ocular cells that have limited or no capacity for regeneration.6. The three major mechanisms of ocular immune privilege are as followed: (1) there are anatomical, cellular, and molecular barriers in the eye; (2) eye-derived immunological tolerance (ACAID); and (3) immune suppressive microenvironment in the eye. 5. Anterior chamber-associated immune deviation, or ACAID, is directly related to the ocular immune privilege theory. ACAID is characterized by impaired antigen-specific delayed -type hypersensitivity and reduced production of complement fixing antibodies. 3. It is an observable fact that allows the antibody response but not the cellular responses mentioned above. 5. The discovery happened when there was a prolonged survival of genetically different transplanted tissue survived in the anterior chamber of the eye. The failure of the immune system to bring forth an immunological response composes the characteristics of immune privilege. This is the reason why corneal transplants are one of the most successful, and least rejected tissue transplant clinically practices. Most tissue transplants are rejected due to inflammation however, the cornea has a weaker immune response caused by low antigenicity, the difference between corneal versus other tissue grafts. 7. The mechanisms of ACAID involve both the eye and the spleen. Transforming Growth factor TGF- Ã‚ ¢2 and thrombospondind TSP-1 located in the anterior chamber are involved in the initiation of mediation of ACAID. Through this, there is an attraction of regionally located natural killer T cells, which bind to CDQd molecules to present the antigens. When these cells come in contact with marginal zone B cells, clusters are formed which then differentiate into ACAID-inducing regulatory T cells. 5. A recent discovery made by Molly E. Skelsy and colleagues, concluded that  Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤ T cells are needed for ocular immune privilege and corneal graft survival. The study used mice treated with anti- Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤ Ab failed to develop ACAID concluding the injection of spleen cells. It was concluded that these T cells were required for the creation of regulatory T cells. By blocking the creation of  Ã‚ Ã‚ ¤ T cells, Skelsey showed that there was a profound increase in corneal transplant reje ctions. 8. Another recent discovery was that thymocytes, cells created by thymus that generate into T lymphocytes, are also necessary for the induction of ACAID. Thus the sustainment of immune privilege in the eye is done through the mutual aid of various cells from organs other than the eye itself. 5. The adaptive immunity is expressed in the form of humoral immunity mediated by antibodies produced by B lympocytes, and in the form of cellular immunity mediated by T lymphocytes. 3. (pg 15) Clearly, ocular immune privilege isnt something that just arose out of nowhere. It has been an evolutionary legacy, because whatever beneficial implications it had, leading up to ACAID, must have been immediately beneficial for it to exist throughout the evolution of many mammals such as humans and even mice. In 2008, Xiaoyong Yuan and colleagues did a study to compare the gene expression patterns in uninfected and fungus-infected mouse corneas at the onset of Candida albicans fungal keratitis. Candida ablican related corneal infections cause an inflammatory response, which has been known to permanently impair vision in half of all eyes affected, including those with therapy. Infected eyes were observed and corneal transcriptomes were categorized to suggest pathways contributing to corneal inflammation during Candida related keratitis. Through the use of gene microarray, the hosts gene expression during the early stages of this keratitis was also observed in mouse models. RNA isolated from the corneas one day after inoculation were used for reverse transcription of the RNA which would then be used in a quantitative real-time RT-PCR to multiply the amount of DNA created. Gene expression levels were calculated for both the experimental group and the control group. When comparing the two groups, a total of 45,102 genes were detected. Of those genes, 3,977, roughly 8.82% of the infected corneas were significantly regulated. Of those genes, 1987 were upregulated and 1,990 were down-regulated. A total of 3.71% were differentially expressed, 1,075 being upregulated and the other 597 being down-regulated. Specifically, there were 30 different genes being upreglated more than 100 fold. These genes were categorized as chemokines, metalloproteinases, interleukin cytokines, leukocyte chemotaxis and surface molecules, Ig recept ors, Neuro-hormone mediatiors and many others. Simply stated, these gene expressions suggest that microbial keratitis involves the synchrony of various host processes that affect inflammatory and immune responses, intercellular communication, and cellular metabolism in other words, ocular immune privilege and ACAID. 9. Keratitis is a microbial infliction occurring globally. Bacteria, parasites, virus, and fungus cause the four main microbial causes for infection. These microbes are currently winning the at arms race due to an increased virulence and re-infection after treatment. At the same time, because there have been changes in mans history, various novel environments have been associated with the etiology of all these infections. Looking at a study in a referral centre in South India from September 1999 through August 2002, MJ Bharathi and colleagues observed and calculated the statistics of keratitis in that referral centre. Of 3183 corneal scrapings evaluated, 1095(34.4%) were fungal related, 1043(32.77%) were bacterial related, 33(1.04%) were acanthamoeba related and 76(2.39) were both bacterial and fungal related. Of the 1043 bacterial related infections, the predominant isolated bacteria were Streptococcus. Males were 56.76% of cases and females were 43.24%, thus showing that sex doesnt af fect the infiltration rate. In the study, 60.2% patients were over the age of 50 were affected significantly more than patients under the age of 50. Roughly 16.97% of corneal injuries were due to soil/sand, compared to the 11.03% caused by other materials, showing a statistical significance between the two. Seasons also affected the rate of infections showing a lower incidence of bacterial keratitis from the months of June to September. 10. The epidemiology of bacterial keratitis varies based on geography. One could acquire keratitis from numerous gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria, such as Serratia, Pseudomonas, and Staphylococcus. Once the bacteria has touched base with the cornea, it colonizes the hosts cells by using adhesins at the surface of the epithelium. The adherence of these three bacteria to the corneal epithelium is significantly higher than any other bacteria, which explains their high frequency of isolation. Several bacteria have also displayed adhesins on pili and nonfimbriae structures to recognize carbohydrates on host cells. Recently, there have been emerging cases of resistance among pathogens, requiring the emersion of a stronger antibacterial to eradicate it. 11. The advent of contact lenses has created a novel environment for the infiltration of many bacterial pathogens. In the United States, there are approximately 25,000 cases of infectious keratitis annually. There are roughly 2-4 infections per 10,000 soft contact lenses users, and 10-20 infections per 10,000 extended-wear contact lenses users. 14. A study done by T. Bourcier and colleagues has identified predisposing factors of bacterial keratitis. After analyzing 300 cases, contacts were the main risk factor, occurring in 50.3% of the study group, with 83% of bacteria being gram positive, and 17% being gram negative. 12. Another study of a case report done by Konstantinos Tsaousis and colleagues concluded that the incidence of bacterial keratitis can be reduced by maintaining high standards of lens hygiene and following the recommended guidelines to safely wearing contacts. 13. In the past, fungal keratitis has been a major ophthalmological problem in the tropical regions of the world. 16. Of all of the fungus related to keratitis, there are two classifications of infiltrates yeast and filamentous fungi. The three main isolates of fungus in fungal keratitis are Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Candida. While the most common of isolate reported has been Aspergillus, ranging from 27-64%, Fusarium comes to a close second (6-32%). Like bacterial keratitis, contact lenses wearers are at a higher risk of fungal infection. In recent news, on March 8, 2006, the CDC began an investigation of the use of Bausch Lomb ReNu contact lens solution. The solution had been related to a series of 130 confirmed cases of Fusarium Keratitis, which resulted in 37 corneal transplant surgeries. Most fungal related incidences however are usually related to agriculture. Since fungus are found in soil and on plants, the probability of infection after ocular trauma increases if one is tendi ng to their crops. Once the fungus accesses the corneal stroma, they multiply and cause tissue necrosis leading to the onset of keratitis and the loss of stromal opacity. 15. Acanthamoeba related keratitis is usually derived from standing water or mud, with an increased risk in contact users. Incidence per million contact lens users includes 333 in Hong Kong, 1 in USA and 149 in Scotland 14. The abnormally high incidence in Scotland is due to the fact that there are many water towers, holding standing water, a novel environment for the acanthamoeba. Survival in the wild is not only based on ones ability to escape a predator, but also ones ability to detect the predator. The up keeping the visual axis is one of the most important abilities of the eyes immune abilities for without sight, many mammals would be at disadvantage. Keratitis, the inflammation of the cornea, has probably been around since the dawn of man, and more specifically, the dawn of agriculture. If injury to the eye were to be sustained, the cornea would become inflamed. Normally, corneal cellular layers would be impaired, leading to a loss of the visual axis. However, it has been observed that there is a key mechanism that has developed over time in order to save ones sight. There is an ocular immune privilege, considered to be an evolutionary legacy as well as a design compromise, in the anterior chamber of the eye, which limits certain immune functions to prevent the loss of vision. The microbial pathogens cause these infections ranges from bacterial, to funga l, viral, and amoebic have been detected around the world, causing countless keratitis infections. Novel environments, such as contact lenses, have created the perfect environment for these pathogens to culture on especially if proper care protocols havent been taken. While most of these infections are treatable, in the long term, the microbes are winning the at arms race. With increase resistance to anti-bacterials/fungals, pathogens will only become more virulent. From an epidemiological standpoint, microbial keratitis poses a serious threat for future infected patients, occurring world-wide. Mescher, Anthony L. PhD. (2010). Junqueiras Basic Histology: Text Atlas, 12e. In accessmedicine. Retrieved 10/1/10, from http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=6183284searchStr=cornea#6183284. Biswell, Roderick MD. (2008). Vaughan Asburys General Ophthalmology, 17e. In accessmedicine. Retrieved 10/1/10, from http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=3090961searchStr=cornea#3090961. Streilein, J.W. et al, 1999: Immune Response and the Eye. Karger, Switzerland Nesse, R. M. and Williams, G.C. 1994: p.x, Why We Get Sick. The New Science of Darwinian Medicine, Vintage, New York Junko Hori. (July 16, 2008). Mechanisms of immune privilege in the anterior segment of the eye: what we learn from corneal transplantation. In PubMed Central Journal List. Retrieved 10/1/10, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802514/?tool=pubmed. Niederkorn, Jerry Y. PhD, Streilein, Joan. PhD. (January 2010). History and Physiology of Immune Privilege. In Informa healthcare. Retrieved 10/1/10, from http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/09273940903564766. Junko Hori, MD, PhD1, Vega, Jose L. MD, PhD2, Sharmila Masli, PhD3. (October 2010). Review of Ocular Immune Privilege in the Year 2010: Modifying the Immune Privilege of the Eye. In Informa healthcare. Retrieved 10/1/10, from http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/09273948.2010.512696. Skelsey, Molly E., Mellon, Jessamee., Niederkorn, Jerry Y. . (2001). {{gamma}}{{delta}}T Cells Are Needed for Ocular Immune Privilege and Corneal Graft Survival. In The Journal of Immunology. Retrieved 10/1/10, from http://www.jimmunol.org/cgi/reprint/166/7/4327. Xiaoyong Yuan, Mitchell, Bradley M., and Wilhelmus, Kirk R. (September 18, 2008). Gene profiling and signaling pathways of Candida albicans keratitis. In PubMed Central Journal List. Retrieved 10/1/10, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2562425/. Bharathi MJ, Ramakrishnan R, Vasu S, Meenakshi R, Shivkumar C, Palaniappan R. Epidemiology of bacterial keratitis in a referral centre in South India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2003;21:239-45 OBrien, T P . (February 2003). Management of bacterial keratitis: beyond exorcism towards consideration of organism and host factors. In Cambridge Ophthalmological Symposium. Retrieved 10/1/10, from http://www.nature.com/eye/journal/v17/n8/full/6700635a.html. Bourcier T, Thomas F, Borderie V, Chaumeil C, Laroche L . (January 10, 2003). Bacterial keratitis: predisposing factors, clinical and microbiological review of 300 cases. In PubMed Central Journal List. Retrieved 10/1/10, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1771775/?tool=pubmed. Tsaousis K.T., Sakkias G., Kozeis N., Tahiaos P. . (July 19, 2010). A Management Dilemma: Infectious Keratitis Associated with Soft Contact Lens Use and Dubious Treatment Compliance. In PubMed Central Journal List. Retrieved 10/1/10, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2935133/?tool=pubmed. Trevor John Mills, MD, MPH. (December 2, 2009). Corneal Ulceration and Ulcerative Keratitis. In Emedicine from WebMD. Retrieved 10/1/10, from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/798100-overview. Daljit Singh, MBBS, MS, DSc. (June 12, 2008). Keratitis, Fungal. In Emedicine from WebMD. Retrieved 10/1/10, from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1194167-overview. Gopinathan, Usha Ph.D et al . (August 2002). The Epidemiological Features and Laboratory Results of Fungal Keratitis: A 10-Year Review at a Referral Eye Care Center in South India. In Cornea, The Journal of Cornea and External Disease. Retrieved 10/1/10, from http://journals.lww.com/corneajrnl/Abstract/2002/08000/The_Epidemiological_Features_and_Laboratory.4.aspx.

Arthur Birling at the Beginning of Act One in An Inspector Calls Essay

Arthur Birling at the Beginning of Act One in An Inspector Calls JB Priestly wrote the play of ‘An Inspector Calls’ in 1945 but set the play in 1912, Edwardian Britain. The writer intentionally set the play in 1912 to make the audience aware of social conscience. Another reason why the play was set in 1912 was because, some of the historical events mentioned in the play, the audience would be familiar with as they would have lived through the time and would know the real results of how they ended and what the causes were because the era from which he set was very different to when he wrote the play. In the play, when these events are mentioned, Arthur Birling says the opposite to what actually happens such as when Birling said there would be no war, world war 1 started two years later and world war 2 ended in mid 1945; there were sturdy comparisons and discrimination between the upper and lower classes in the 1912 era but the class distinctions had significantly reduced in 1945 as a result of two world wars; the ruling classes saw no necessities in changing the status quo but in the time in which ‘An Inspector Calls’ was written, there was a great passion for social change in the classes and immediately after world war 2, Labours Clement Attlee won a landslide victory over the conservative Winston Churchill. The main events mentioned in the play are the world wars, would ‘never happen and the Titanic, which was ‘unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable’. One evening of happiness and bliss brings the Birling Family and Gerald Croft to distress and truth, as they are celebrating the engagement party of their Daughter Sheila to Gerald until an inspector calls regarding the death of a young girl who had poisoned ... ...himself he and his family have no part in the girl’s death and so it would be necessary for the inspector to leave but then finds out he and his family played the most important part in the girls death, and even after hearing that, he still tries to turn a blind eye. Some ideas and themes J B Priestly was trying to convey through the character of Arthur Birling were Cause and Effect and Social conscience. Clues, which are given in the play to the audience about the result of Arthur Birling as the play progresses, are all found with the language Birling uses to speak about himself. Also, His characteristics show that as the story progresses, when Birling is hit with a mistake he thinks he never made, he will face a major downfall in his position in the society, and will lose respect from family members employees and everyone else who has respected him.

If You Really Like a Guy, Hit Him :: Personal Narrative Relationships Essays

If You Really Like a Guy, Hit Him I don’t remember wanting to punch Jeff. I remember wanting Jeff to â€Å"ask me out.† How I got into the position of hitting him is somewhat of a mystery to me. Jeff Stanford was the cutest guy in our third grade class. He had blonde hair, blue eyes-the whole shabang! He even wore tapered, stone washed jeans (it was the eighties, this was cool). He was my friend. I was, of all things, a tomboy. I ran faster then the boys. I could beat them all at tether ball. My hair was shorter then any of the boys, and I had the biggest crush on Jeff. Along with being head over heels in love with Jeff, I was a die hard Madonna fan. I had her tapes and even a sweatshirt with her picture on it. Jeff was not a Madonna fan. I thought this was something we could work out. Although we could not spend endless hours reciting lines from â€Å"Like a Virgin† together, we could always play tetherball. Tethe ball, at least at Pearson Elementary, was the game of champions. I loved to play, but at early recess the balls weren’t always up yet and Jeff, Kelly and myself sometimes had to make do with a rousing game of tag. This was definitely a â€Å"tag day.† â€Å"RUUUUUUUN Kelly, he is right behind you!!!!!† â€Å"Huh?† questioned Kelly. â€Å"Tagged you, tagged you!† taunted Jeff. â€Å"Ouch,† I screamed. â€Å"I have something in my eye.† I was completely serious. â€Å"There is something in my eye and it hurts!† I kept trying to get, whatever it was, out of my eye using the sleeve of my Madonna sweatshirt. Jeff was trying to help, in some way, but doing a piss-poor job of it. â€Å" What happened?† he asked. â€Å"Did Madonna stick her arm out and poke you in the eye?!!! Hahahahaaaahaaaha!† Boys are so dumb. â€Å"No.† It was all I could say, I didn’t have any witty come backs, but come on, he could have left me alone! â€Å"Why are you picking on me?† I asked. I wished he would just leave, but no, he kept taunting me. â€Å"You are so mean! LEAVE!† I shouted. For some unknown reason he didn’t get it! My eye still hurt, recess was almost over, and I decided I hated Jeff... WHAAAAP!!!!!!! I socked him. A right fisted jab, straight up the gut, full third grade force, and Jeff Stanford, my crush, went down.

Anne of Green Gables Essay -- L.M. Montgomery Anne of Green Gables Ess

Anne of Green Gables Mind over Matter. As clichà © as this statement sounds, L.M. Montgomery’s Anne of Green Gables proves the idea to be true. Throughout the novel, Anne continually uses her imagination to help her persevere through difficult situations. This novel also highlights the importance and power one’s attitude has in shaping the outcome of a situation or event, and carries a powerful message that people control their own happiness. Numerous times, Anne, the protagonist, is faced with less than ideal circumstances, but she is determined to have an optimistic attitude and make the best of each situation. As a result of this positive determination, the outcome is always in Anne’s favor. Anne Shirley is an eleven year-old orphan who lived in the early 1900s, in very poor conditions in several foster homes and then an orphan asylum, yet maintained a bright outlook on life. While in the foster homes where she was treated as a servant, and then in the orphan asylum, Anne used her imagination to get her through daily life. She developed imaginary friends who she talked to about her hopes, fears, and dreams for the future. According to Anne, these friendships were, â€Å"the comfort and consolation of my life† (Montgomery 58). Anne’s imagination was her survival instinct enabling her to persevere through the trials of being orphaned early in life. Explaining her history, Anne stated, â€Å"It was a very lonely place, I am sure I never could have lived there if I hadn’t an imagination† (40). While reflecting on her own experience, Anne remarked that a child with less imagination than herself would not have survived her circumstances. After a traumatic experience early in her life in two, cheerless foster homes, and then an orphan... ...tude does affect the outcome of your circumstance, as her positive attitude always leads her to find the best in a situation: â€Å"When I left Queen’s my future seemed to stretch out before me like a straight road. I thought I could see along it for many a milestone. Now there is a bend in it. I don’t know what lies around the bend, but I am going to believe that the best does† (303). If you continue to read the Anne of Green Gables series, you will discover that Anne’s positive attitude prevails, and that life holds much joy for her. Life is not fair, and people will still experience difficult times regardless of their attitude, but Anne shows society that people are responsible for their own joy, and a positive attitude and a little imagination can help make the best of each situation. Works Cited Montgomery, L.M. Anne of Green Gables. Toronto: Seal Books, 1908

Anthropology: Human and Natural Selection

The chapter 2 in the textbook â€Å"Cultural Anthropology† mentions about the reflection in culture of nonhuman primates onto human’s one. In this chapter, I really impress about the idea â€Å"natural selection†. â€Å"Natural selection is the process by which organism better adapt to the environment reproduce more effectively compared with less well-adapted forms†(â€Å"The evolution of humanity and culture†) The â€Å"natural selection†, for me, is the best explanation for the difference between our modern humans and nonhuman primates. From the beginning, every nonhuman species, including humans, had a common root.However, because of the difference sources of food, they changed their body structures (teeth, intestine) to adapt to their dietary needs. For example, frugivores eat fruits, so their big front teeth make them easily bite foods. On the other hand, folivores have the very strong chewing teeth to help them break leaves into small p ieces, easily to digest because of their richness of cellulose chemical. In the article â€Å"Ancient Genes and Modern Health† written by S. Boyd Eaton and Melvin Konner, they also talk about the concept of â€Å"natural selection† in another way.They discuss about the change in height of ancient human compared to modern humans. According to them, the height of humans changed because of the decrease of protein intake in their dietary pattern. About 30,000 years ago, the average height of men is about 5’9 (177. 1cm), women 5’5 (166. 5cm); compared to modern human nowadays, men average 5’8 (174. 4cm), women 5’4 (163. 4cm). In my opinion, this decrease in height is also a kind of â€Å"natural selection†. Before, human food mostly obtained by foraging. All foods were absolutely savage. They contained higher protein.The more agriculture developed, the less the protein intake in the animal meat was. Therefore, humans obtained less daily pr otein than before. After generations, the human genes tend to â€Å"evolute† to adapt to the new daily protein needs. The new genes made human body structures get smaller. As the result, with smaller bodies, humans needed less protein to maintain the daily activities. In this case, â€Å"natural selection† represents as a primary role in human body form. Next, another idea which I really like is the female role in the ancient sociality.As I mentioned earlier, when human didn’t know anything about agriculture, their food were mostly obtained by foraging. Most women went garaging, while men went hunting. However, because of the limit of hunting weapons, the hunting foods were not enough for the whole sociality. Therefore, women, who the ones gave majority of food, had power in the community. I think by the time women got power, the world was more peaceful. No war, no death, no tear. I believe that the world would be much better in the future if women, again, have the power, have a strong influence in the politic manner on the world.

American History. The Trans-Atlantic Slave trade

Think gentlemans gentleman 1 I choose to resolve the second topic. the de valetizing forces of the transatlantic break is back switch The Trans-Atlantic Slave trade was considered the most immoral and cruel force of hard workerry, during the trade, the way of obtaining the slave is dehumanizing, if we were to conclude the dehumanizing force in exactly whizz word, it would be the minimum intellectual nourishment, clothing, and nurture was given to those slaves who survived the Middle-Passage, and the maximum amount of break away was expected of them.The first challenge was on their homeland, they were towed into a forest where no one sens see them, then passel who work for the capitalist beat the individual to faint, and then they were chained together and escorted to the meek boat which leave alone send them to the slave boat. After that, when they were on boat, they were put on the kickoffer cabin wish cargos, thither was almost no room to go on or take a turn.An d the provender is monstrous as well, the slaves can moreover get food once or at most twice a day, and the food is at most one-spoon spacious and the taste is awful. Slaves also have no bowls or spoons to eat they have with their bare dirty hands. What is more horrible is that ships often run out of food or sometimes in that location is morbific di sease on board, then the slaves who is special will be thrown into the sea with a bag of heavy oscillate tied in the beginning. Thus the extract rate during the transportation is extremely low the number is only 13% or so.The first reason why that rule is employed is that slaves were better used to the tropic weather than the capitalist, what is more, their physical building is oaf and the number of slaves is much more than the solders on the ship. If they were treated like a human, whom they can get sufficient food and shelter, there might be a rising which may put those capitalist into remaining situation. And at second, the slaves were considered property instead of human in the mind of those capitalists, thus they will not be treated like human.Despite all those horrible conditions and treatments, murky people formed a toughened nuance tie between one and another to keep their rebellion force. The culture they formed is fusion of their own cultures with that of the innocence colonists, and the culture varies from country to country, locality to region across the Americas. Although the slaves were captured from the same kingdoms, for instance, Louisiana is immensely different from that in Haiti or in Brazil. The differences were due to the differing conditions of slavery and the different scuttlebutt from whites in those places.