Speech Perception

WQuestion: Compose a report on Speech Perception. Answer: Presentation Discourse discernment is the marvel through which the hints of various dialects are heard, comprehended, just as, deciphered. Discourse observation is significant and imperative to comprehend the language that is utilized in our every day lives. At the point when some individual talks, there is vacillation noticeable all around pressure and the waves strike the people ears and in some angle, the individual is fit for turning these sound waves to the important thought of what the other individual who is the speaker is stating about. Subsequently, the discourse observation is the most significant angle that is utilized for the human correspondence. The center idea with respect to the discourse discernment is utilized to clarify the different instruments that are engaged with the impression of the words accurately notwithstanding the conflicting data that is given by the different discourse signals (Tvora-Vieira, Marino, Acharya, Rajan, 2015). The idea can be seen unmistakably by the wa y that the human can see around fifty phonemes in a single second in the language he/she is familiar, which shows that the discourse can be seen with the stamped quickness. Then again, in the event that the individual isn't conversant in any sort of language (for example, unknown dialect), the individual is equipped for seeing around two third of the single phonemic every second. Be that as it may, there are different variables influencing discourse discernment like recurrence selectivity, clamor observation, power goals, fleeting goals, transient joining, pitch recognition and recurrence separation, binaural hearing, dead locales, just as, maturing. In this paper, we will talk about different components that can influence the discourse discernment in clamor for the individual who are experiencing moderate to serious level of post-lingual cochlear hearing misfortune (Pisoni, 2000). Discourse discernment in clamor The formative qualities of the ability to comprehend the discourse out of sight clamor can be credited to the wide scope of improvements. There are different components that can show the troubles experienced by the people when tuning in and understanding the discourse within the sight of clamor out of sight. Intellectual elements, including consideration, memory, just as, weariness can likewise influence the impression of the discourse during troublesome listening foundations, for example, in commotion (van de Vijver, 2009). In any case, hearing misfortune is likewise one of the variables that add to the trouble in seeing sound in the commotion, in this manner influencing the sound recognition by the person. Hearing misfortune is extremely normal, and when it is serious, it can genuinely influence and bargain the capacity of a person to comprehend the discourse, the recognition, and subsequently, the correspondence. Significant hearing misfortune can affect the communicated in dialec ts obtaining, just as, its turn of events, bargain the accomplishment of the instruction, and can influence the view of the discourse in the troublesome listening foundations like in commotion (Kitterick Lucas, 2016). Hearing misfortune is the one-sided or reciprocal impedance of the consultation limit. The post-lingual hearing misfortune is the meeting disability that has created or showed after the discourse has been created in the individual, i.e., as a rule after the age of six years old. Understanding the discourse needs both the anatomical, just as, practical honesty of focal, just as, the fringe sound-related framework. In addition, it additionally requires the acoustically fitting setting with respect to the correspondence. Notwithstanding, clamor may diminish the people likelihood of acoustic data that is accessible, and in addition, the commotion is the boundary that is available in practically a large portion of the correspondence circumstances. Clamor impacts the comprehension of the discourse and henceforth, the discourse discernment in each individual. This issue identified with the discourse observation in clamor is exacerbated in the people with moderate to the minor hearing misfor tune where discourse, just as, commotion used to contend with one another simultaneously. In this manner, influencing the impression of the discourse in an individual (Bishop, Littman, Balko, Watson, Backous, 2003). There are different variables that can impact the sound discernment in the post-lingual cochlear hearing weakened person, which will be talked about further. Recurrence selectivity: It is the capacity by which the individual is fit for isolating or settling the various ghastly pinnacles of the various sounds in the mind boggling sound framework. Recurrence selectivity is straightforwardly connected with the transmission capacity, just as, the tuning of the sound-related channels. There is a great deal of variety saw in the recurrence selectivity of people having similar limits of the unadulterated tone. Henceforth, the capacity of the ear to separate or resolve the sound segments having various frequencies is the most significant piece of the discourse observation, just as, hearing when all is said in done. Be that as it may, in the people having moderate to serious post-lingual hearing misfortune, the recurrence settling capacity of the ear is undermined, consequently, making them hard to recognize, just as, weakening their capacity to decipher and comprehend the discourse. Hence, the foundation commotion is fit for exacerbating their ca pacity to see the sound properly as the ear is less ready to determine or isolate the distinctive veiling clamor credited to the commotion condition from the objective discourse (Most Adi-Bensaid, 2001). Din Perception: Hearing misfortune is the abatement in the impression of the tumult or can be related with the diminished discourse understandability or can bring about both the boundaries. The quantitative unit used to gauge tumult is known as decibel. The ordinary limit of hearing is from 0 to 10 decibels. In any case, hearing misfortune can affect the sound discernment ( i.e., incomplete or full loss of the unadulterated tone) or can affect the comprehension of the discourse, otherwise called, the separation misfortune. The summation of the din is lessened in the post-lingual cochlear hearing misfortune person. The post-lingual cochlear hearing weakness diminishes the tumult, just as, contorts the nature of sound. Thus, the ecological clamor will meddle more in these cases when contrasted with the ordinary hearing individual with discourse discernment (Loebach, Pisoni, Svirsky, 2009). Force goals: It is the capacity of the person to distinguish the different changes in the power of various sounds or to think about the distinctions in the power of the extraordinary or separate sounds. In post-lingual cochlear hearing misfortune people, the power goals capacity is diminished when contrasted with the ordinary hearing people. Thus, when commotion is available out of sight, the discourse observation will be troublesome in the cochlear hearing misfortune people because of diminished force goals and separation of hints of various powers and frequencies (Kilman, Zekveld, Hallgren, Ronnberg, 2015). Transient Resolution: Temporal goals is the exactness of the estimation of the capacity of sound observation as for time. It is the capacity of the person to distinguish different changes or holes in the various signals across time, just as, across and inside the distinctive channel prompts. The fleeting goals is estimated with the assistance of three boundaries that are hole identification task, the pace of recuperation of the forward covering, and the TMTF. It has been seen that the people having post-lingual cochlear hearing misfortune have diminished execution the hole identification when commotion is available, demonstrating more trouble in following the fleeting structures identified with the sounds. In this manner, having more trouble in discourse recognition in clamor. In addition, the poor TMTF results into the poor impression of the discourse in post-lingual cochlear hearing misfortune people (Jin Nelson, 2006). Worldly incorporation: It is the key procedure, which the mind completes for developing cognizant percepts from the sequential of various tactile occasions. Shortfalls happening in the worldly preparing may affect the capacity of the person to comprehend the discourse, all the more unmistakably in the loud environmental factors. The improvement in the different sound-related edges by expanding the span of signs is less in the people experiencing cochlear hearing misfortune in contrast with those with typical hearing. Accordingly, the capacity of the ones sound-related framework to coordinate the necessary acoustic vitality in sounds with loud condition will in general seem diminished when there is nearness of the conference misfortune, consequently diminishing the sound impression of those people in the boisterous condition (Heming Brown, 2005). Pitch discernment and recurrence segregation: Pitch is the subjective element of the way toward hearing that differs basically as the capacity of recurrence, or in different terms, it tends to be said that pitch can be characterized as the perceptual correspond of the recurrence. While, the recurrence segregation can be characterized as the capacity of the person to dependably comprehend or see that the two sounds that varies just their recurrence are extraordinary. Be that as it may, in individual having cochlear hearing misfortune, the capacity to segregate between the recurrence is decreased. Thus, division of clamor from discourse is very troublesome in the people having post-lingual hearing misfortune because of the different blunders in the investigation of the pitch recognition and recurrence segregation, which forestalls exact choice and consequently, the discourse discernment from the loud condition (Oxenham, 2008). Binaural hearing: It alludes to the capacity of the person to coordinate the data got by the cerebrum from the two ears. Additionally, binaural hearing helps the capacity of a person to tune in the unpredictable and loud sound-related conditions, just as, to restrict the various wellsprings of the sound. The upside of the binaural hearing that o

Scientific Concept of Magnetism

Logical Concept of Magnetism There are two fundamental necessities for producing an attractive field which are attractive material and current. The attractive field is a locale where the attractive impact because of electric flow or of a magnet is accelerated. At the point when little magnet is acquired the region then torque will be experienced on the test magnet up to this magnet gets arranged a specific way. The greatness of this torque is only estimation of the quality of the attractive field and the demonstrated course of direction which is the heading of the field. Attraction implies it is a physical marvel including attractive fields and whose impacts upon materials. The attractive fields might be set by electric flows or by magnets. In the attractive material, the individual iotas cause attractive fields when whose electrons have a net attractive second because of their rakish energy. Because of rakish force of charged molecule an attractive second emerges whose agreeable impact gets the perceptible attractive field of a lasting magnet. Henceforth just a single sort of attraction was known until 1821which was created by iron magnets. It was demonstrated that when an electric flow streams in a wire at that point needle of compass moves close by it. This new marvel was concentrated by Ampere, presumed that the idea of attraction which was very not quite the same as fundamentally a power between electric flows. The two equal flows which are a similar way draw in one another and then again, the two equal flows inverse way repulse one another. As per the cutting edge hypothesis, attraction in solids emerges because of twists and orbital movement of electrons and furthermore because of the turn of the cores of a particle. Because of movement of electrons, the attractive impacts created in attractive materials. The attractive minutes related with the particles are because of three kinds of movements which are, one is the electron orbital movement, second is the change in orbital movement brought about by an outer attractive field and third one is the turn of the electrons. In the vast majority of the particles the electrons happen two by two. At the point when electron pair turns in inverse ways then they drop each other methods there is no net attractive fields exist. In attractive materials with some unpaired electrons show a net attractive field and which respond more to an outer field. The significant commitment is because of turn of unpaired valance electrons in attractive field of the attractive materials. These unpaired valence electrons produce perpetual electronic attractive minutes. The idea of polarization created relies upon nearness of the quantity of unpaired valence electrons in the iota s of the strong and on the overall directions of the neighboring attractive minutes. For the age of net non-zero attractive second, number of such attractive dipoles may adjust corresponding to one another, with or without the use of attractive field. As an attractive material is kept in an attractive field then it gets charged. It implies that the material itself turns into a magnet. Consequently the force of the incited attraction is known as the polarization. The charge is additionally called as the attractive second per unit volume of the material. The attractive power anyplace in space of attractive field is depicted by a vector field .It is likewise called the attractive acceptance. Let H Magnetic field M Intensity of polarization B Magnetic enlistment At that point the attractive enlistment B is given by, B =  µ0 (H+M) Where  µ0 is the porousness of free space. The attractive field delivers because of movement of an electric charge. The electrons in a bar magnet about nuclear cores are in steady movement. The movement of charge makes a little current, thus creates an attractive field that implies each turning electron is a small magnet. At the point when two electrons which are turning a similar way makes a more grounded attractive field. At the point when a couple of electrons is turning inverse way then their net impact drop one another, thus there is no attractive field which happens in substances, for example, elastic, wood and plastics and so forth. At the point when attractive field is applied then materials turn attractive field, they procure a nonzero charge. Based on attractive property according to the utilization of an outer field, attractive materials are separated into brief and lasting magnets. If there should arise an occurrence of transitory magnets after the expulsion of the applied field will lose whose all or a large port ion of their attractive properties. Then again in perpetual magnet attractive properties will hold or save for an exceptionally lengthy timespan. These impermanent magnets are produced using the materials, for example, iron, nickel and cobalt. Consequently, these materials are called as delicate attractive materials that mean outside a solid attractive field they for the most part don't hold their attraction. The all out vitality of the precious stone is dictated by the dissemination of cations in a given spinel oxide. This parameter relies upon different factors, for example, the size of particles, the constrained space between the unpleasant powers , Coulomb cooperations between charges of these particles, impacts of polarization and requesting of cations. With the assistance of unconstrained charge Ferromagnets are portrayed. Without field, ferromagnets accomplish immersion polarization in every one of the areas. Yet, the charge bend shows that an unmagnetized ferromagnetic example shows no general polarization in zero fields. Nonetheless, it requires a considerable field to deliver immersion polarization esteem. Weiss area speculation clarified this error in the middle of the hypothesis and the perception. As indicated by Weiss space speculation, a ferromagnet of perceptible size comprises various districts is known as attractive areas in the demagnetized state. In every area all the nuclear minutes are adjusted same simple way. In requests to limit the magneto static vitality, the bearing of the unconstrained charge shifts from space to area. The multi areas are shaped, if the ferromagnetic grains are partitioned into numerous spaces with dividers between them. At the point when the grain size which is in the request for the divider thickness, subsequently it is a solitary area grain. The contrast between multi area and single space grain is that the multi space grains has a net zero attractive second because of various bearings of the individual space charge, yet the single area grains are consistently show the immersion force beneath its curie temperature. The single space size range would be from under 1OOOA ° which is not exactly the cross section consistent of the material and subsequently these grains are additionally called as fine particles. The hysteresis conduct of these particles shows reversible charge bends. For this situation there is a zero estimation of the remenance and the coercive power. The multi space particles require an a lot bigger attractive field than single area molecule and subsequently too paramagnetic particles gain soaked polarization. At the point when the progressions in suitable temperature, the hysteresis circle of single space and because of very paramagnetic particles are exchangeable. Anyway the multi area particles are autonomous of temperature. In attraction the significant commitment originates from the turn of unpaired valance electrons which produces perpetual electronic attractive minutes.

Blog Archive mbaMission Consultant Spotlight Julie-Anne Heafey

Blog Archive mbaMission Consultant Spotlight Julie-Anne Heafey Julie-Anne Heafey earned her bachelor’s degree from Dartmouth College and her MBA from Harvard Business School (HBS), where she was co-president of the Women’s Student Association and collaborated with the admissions committee on attracting women applicants. After earning her MBA, Julie-Anne entered strategy consulting, working initially with the Parthenon Group in Boston and then as a freelance consultant to businesses in financial services, healthcare, software, retail, and social impact in New York City, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. Julie-Anne began her pre-MBA career in finance, working in France at an internship with the CFO of a large steel company through the École Polytechnique. Later, she joined an equity research team at Salomon Smith Barney, where she was involved in writing call notes, company reports, and industry overviews. Intrigued by how technology was transforming the industry, she transitioned to the firm’s fledgling Internet group, which was tasked with developing the company’s first website and online services. There she discovered her passion for strategy and marketing. While at Dartmouth, Julie-Anne led tours and information sessions for the admissions department, and she now interviews applicants to the college each year as an alumna volunteer. She has also taught GMAT test-taking skills with Kaplan Test Prep and counseled aspiring MBAs on their business school applications. Julie-Anne is excited about helping mbaMission clients position themselves for success in the competitive application process. Quick Facts: Received MBA from: Harvard Business School Undergraduate field of study: History Fields worked in before mbaMission: Financial services, technology, and strategy consulting Working style: Strategic and dedicated Five things you want your clients to know about you: I started out in equity research, where I was known for high-volume output in earnings season (we covered 63 companies!) and an eagle eye in editing. With many years of consulting under my belt, I am good at seeing patterns and trends in big amounts of data and synthesizing them into a story. At HBS, I was co-president of the Women’s Student Association, which ran a conference, admissions outreach efforts, social events, and a large exam review effort serving 95% of first years. As an undergrad at Dartmouth, I also worked with the Admissions Office and gave many tours around campus. I became an expert at walking backward in snow.   I love getting to know my clients and uncovering things that they do not even realize about themselves. It can be really hard to see yourself from the outside and identify what sets you apart!   Watch Julie-Anne’s video: Do you want to speak with Julie-Anne about your business school prospects? Sign up for a free 30-minute consultation here. Share ThisTweet mbaMission Consultant Spotlight

Comparison Between Brazil And Vietnam - 1200 Words

In order to compare and contrast business in Brazil and Vietnam is important to first understand the overviews of each country. The text Managing Cultural Differences begins to layout the historical, political, and economic culture of Brazil in the Latin America section of the book. The first inhabits of Brazil were labeled the Amerindians ( Moran,R.T., Abramson, N.R. Moran, S. V., Harris, P.R., 2014, Pg. 344). The Amerindians were able to develop empires from their basic civilizations and in doing so much of brazils current culture has those influences along with the influences of Europeans from Spain and Portugal. In contrast, Vietnam’s history of beginning is from a mixture of people from Indonesia and the IndoChina regions (Cima, 1987). Information on beginning is largely difficult to find because of the length of history of the country. However, we can see that both culture have similar cultures involved in the beginnings of the civilization both being of Asian desce nt. As a result, several of the business practices have many similarities which may be attributed to the common historical background. For Brazilians, relationships are key to conducting and functioning within business and among partnerships. â€Å"Brazilians feel that a good relationship must be in place before anything can be accomplished, and it is never a good idea to damage a relationship that is intact, even if it means not completing a task.† (Moran, R.T., Abramson, N.R., Moran, S.V., Harris,Show MoreRelatedSocioeconomic Effects of Coffee Trade on the Ethiopian Farmer1549 Words   |  7 Pagesmainly to increased coffee production elsewhere, notably Brazil and Vietnam. These nations have developed massive coffee industries and are recognized as fierce competitors to African nations. Though today’s market is highly saturated thanks to globalization, world coffee prices are still rising. Why is it that an increase in availability leads to an increase in cost? Daviron and Ponte, authors of The Coffee Paradox, suggest â€Å"the growing gap between the price of the raw material and the final productRead MoreThe Pork Impact On Economy And Consumption1202 Words   |  5 PagesStates Department of Agriculture (USDA) Foreign Agriculture Service (2016), the top ten pork producing countries are as listed from the largest to the smallest production respectively: (1) China, (2) European Union, (3) United States, (4) Brazil, (5) Russia, (6) Vietnam, (7) Canada, (8) Philippines, (9) Mexico and (10) Japan. A map below has been placed to show the top 10 pork production in the world that illustrates each countries thousand metric-tonnes of pork production in 2016. Figure 1 On 2016Read MoreMandatory Military Conscription and Its Effect on Society Essay1213 Words   |  5 Pages Military conscription was first imposed during the American civil war. There was a shortage of soldiers and the government thought that a draft was the best way to gain manpower. The Union Enrolment Act of 1863 drafted all able bodied men between the ages of twenty and forty five years of age. Many people at the time became very angry because any person who could pay a fee in the amount of three hundred dollars could be excused from military service. Many riots occurred and about one thousandRead MoreDescription Of The Firm And Its Industry ( Starbucks India )1303 Words   |  6 Pagesworld-leading roaster as well as retailer of specialty coffee in the 21st century. Until now, it has over 20,000 stores in the world, which shows a huge number difference between Starbucks and the following competitor - Dunkin’ Donuts, which has just around 10,000 stores (Statista, 2014). The annual revenue of Starbucks skyrocketed in comparison with the last past decades in 2014, reaching around 16.45 billion profits U.S. dollars (Statista, 2014). 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BACKGROUND 6 1.Theory of comparative advantage 6 2.Vietnam latest Export and Import situation 7 II. PAST AND RELATED WORK 16 III.EXAMPLE OF VIETNAM 18 1.Comparative advantages of Vietnam in exporting rice 18 2.Comparative advantage of Vietnam in exporting coffee after the collapse of ICA. 23 3.Example of Vietnam, appliance of theory of comparative advantage in exporting textiles: 32 IV.VIETNAM GAINS OR LOST FROM TRADE 38 IV.FUTURE WORK 52Read MoreCharismatic Leadership : A Charismatic Leader1603 Words   |  7 Pagesleaders sacrifice themselves as they are willing to put up with hardship to defend their beliefs and achieve their vision (Nahavandi, 2015). Characteristics of the followers Given that a charismatic leadership results from a relationship between a leader and followers, these followers have certain characteristics (Nahavandi, 2015). Below are some of these follower characteristics. 1. Intense emotional bond 2. High degree of respect affection, and esteem for the leader 3. LoyaltyRead MoreHighland Coffee Case Study5210 Words   |  21 PagesBACKGROUND According to Scofield (2011), Vietnam is the second the largest coffee producer in the world which the amount goes up to thousand tons every year. Therefore, it becomes a potential market for any investors and Highlands Coffee is not an exception. Highland is a Vietnamese coffee shop chain and producer and distributor of coffee products, established in Hanoi by David Thai – a Vietnamese American in 1998. The founding of Highland Coffee Company marked the first time an Overseas Vietnamese

Hitler s View Of The Jewish People Essay - 1886 Words

From 1939 to 1945 the world saw actions and atrocities unparalleled in the War against Germany, the legacies of such actions we are still seeing today. Perhaps the most notable atrocity that was born from this war was the persecution of Jewish people in Germany and around Europe and the corresponding murder of up to 6 million Jewish people . â€Å"When Adolf Hitler’s National Socialist party seized power on January 30, 1933, there were approximately 525,000 Jewish people living in Germany, less than one percent of the population.† Throughout the years leading up to the official start of World War Two the Jewish people were treated harshly and condemned for no other reason than the fact that they were Jewish, in 1935 the Nuremberg laws furthered this condemnation by defining â€Å"what it meant to be a Jew, deprived Jews of German citizenship and legally prohibited them from a variety of occupations.† Families were split apart and many families fled as far as t hey could have from the horrors of a country they once called home. Hitler’s view of the Jewish people is highlighted in his publication Mein Kampf : A Jew is and remains a typical parasite, a sponger who like a noxious bacillus keeps spreading as soon as a favorable medium invites him. And the effect of his existence is also like that of spongers: wherever he appears, the host people die out. The Jew today is the great agitator for the complete destruction of Germany. This essay will explore the Diary of Anne Frank inShow MoreRelatedHitler s Rise Of Power1221 Words   |  5 PagesKekoa Blair Amanda Dibella English 10 MYP5 Hugh Jazz 14 March 2016 Hitler s Rise to Power Hitler s rise to power was greatly facilitated by his social mind with a theoretically high IQ of around 150 in the top 0.1% of everyone in the world. This large amount of intelligence can help him out think and keep himself one step ahead of everyone near him keeping his plans in clear site without the anyone the wiser. Hitler used two major skills to get power: persuasive rhetoric and cleverly worded statementsRead MoreEssay on Causes of the Holocaust980 Words   |  4 Pagesparticular 1933 -1939 as well as Adolf Hitler and his racist views which influenced thousands of Germans. The Main reason for the holocaust happening was that Germany had been anti-Semitic for many centuries, and during those centuries the anti-Semitism had gradually got worse. Therefore because this was becoming a racial war, this was an opportunity for Germany to cleanse itself of Jews like it should have done centuries ago. With Hitler being Anti-Semitic and a strong leaderRead MoreCore Principles Of An Ideology868 Words   |  4 Pagesthem. For Hitler and the Nazi’s such way of thought when making sure they could effectively carry out their plans. The core principles of the Nazi’s would give way to the creation of social, political, and economical future of Germany. Schleunes novel provides great information of the creation of the core principles and the effects they had on the Holocaust. For the Nazi’s, Hitler ability to have such executed plans and laws set in place allowed to not just discriminate against the Jewish communityRead MoreThe World Of The Middle East785 Words   |  4 Pagesof the Nazi party’s anti-Jewish policies, and requested that Germany no longer send its Jews to Palestine. the Mufti is the most recognized Arab collaborator with Nazi Germany, however other influential Arab and Muslim political leaders held similar fundamental beliefs to those of the Nazis, one example of such leaders was Hassan al-Banna. Al-Banna was a school teacher and scholar who was an avid supporter of Hitler because of their mutual hatred for the Jewish people, and western culture. In 1928Read MoreWhy National Socialist Germany Killed Millions Of Jews1656 Words   |  7 Pagesinterpretation is the functionalist view, which explains the Final Solution as something that came about by the chaotic and anarchical nature of the Nazi state. It places much importance on improvisation and radicalization. While acknowledging that Hitler played a key role, this view sees Hitler’s role as â€Å"a mobilizing and integrating agent†. The second interpretation is the intentionalist view, which explains the Final Solution as something that was planned and organized by Hitler. Placi ng emphasis on theRead MoreThe First Anti Semitic Act Essay1329 Words   |  6 Pagesdestroyed the Temple in Jerusalem. Jewish people were exiled and looked as agents of the devil and murderers of God. Jewish people were being dehumanized by being restricted from owning land and having occupations because of state and church laws. In the 1900’s, another lie was presented that Jewish people were going to dominate by using their money and intelligence. The Soviet Union secret police made a fake document with an outline to support the lie that Jewish people were going to take over. ThisRead MoreThe Inter War Period900 Words   |  4 Pagesthe rise of extremist politicians moved to the Mussulini`s fascist Italy since 1920. Ten years later the European democracy fell; as a result, the power of Hitler in Nazi Germany began to rise constantly. Italian fascism is considered to be the elder brother of Nazism what made the relationship between Hitler and Mussolini complex and trouble some. These two political leaders had in their policy as differences, as similarities. Both Hitler and Mussolini had similarities in the way of ruling foreignRead MoreThe Holocaust : The Destruction Of The Jews1717 Words   |  7 Pagesalong with countless other minorities the Germans deemed inferior (The Holocaust Chronicle Appendices). The Holocaust began with the boycott of Jewish businesses, and ended in camps such as Auschwitz. The destruction of the Jews was made possibly with the rise of Adolf Hitler to power, as he and his fellow Nazi followers attempted to exterminate the Jewish populace of Europe. In the paragraphs to follow I will attempt to explain the reasons, as well as the implications of the Holocaust. Hitler’s determinationRead MoreThe 2nd Reich in Germany Rivaled Britain as Superpower of Europe1696 Words   |  7 Pageschaos for its people. The following years after brought hardships that would strike the new Weimar Republic, creating a breading ground for extremists groups. These extremist groups came from both ends of the political spectrum, and were able to push their ideas based on the fears of the middle and upper class, and the strife of the down and out working class. The party that would benefit the most from the events occurring from 1871 to 1933 was the NSDAP lead by a charismatic Adolf Hitler. The SecondRead MoreThe Persecution Of The Jewish People1105 Words   |  5 Pagesprogression of Jewish persecution by the Nazis, this often fuelled by ‘intentionalists’, who believe Genocide was indeed the intention of one man from the beginning, rather than the theories of the ‘moderate functionalists ‘, that reason that the persecution of the Jewish people was a progression of radical policy ,of an entire group of people, due to the perceived failings of the Nazis previous racial policies. Section 2 Introduction - Nazi Regime began in 1933 when Adolf Hitler was appointed chancellor

The Polio Vaccine Through The Eyes Of Its Creator

Academy of Achievement. â€Å"The Calling to Find a Cure.† Academy of Achievement. http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/sal0int-1 (accessed November 18, 2009) â€Å"The Calling to Find a Cure† provided an informative interview with Jonas Salk. It told the story of the creation of the polio vaccine through the eyes of its creator. Salk also describes his childhood and the events that lead up to his medical breakthrough. Latour, Bruno , Steve Woolgar, and Jonas Salk. Introduction. Laboratory Life. 1986.Reprint. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986. 11. Print. It showed the way that Jonas Salk studied polio and how he came to the conclusion that the vaccine was correct. He also taught that it is a life taking job and that polio vaccine was a difficult task but a successful one. Salgado, Sebastiao. The End of Polio: A Global Effort to End a Disease. Illustrated edition Ed. New York: Bulfinch, 2003. Print. This shows pictures of the terrifying times that many went through with polio. It brings in reality by putting a visual image on the subject. After understanding these photos, it is known that polio was and is completely preventable. Secondary Sources â€Å"Albert B. Sabin.† American History. ABC-CLIO, 2009. Web. 14 Nov. 2009. The article â€Å"Albert B. Sabin† expands the history of the polio vaccine and provided more information about the man who created the oral, live- virus vaccine. This is important because without Albert B. Sabin’sShow MoreRelatedPolio Is Made From The Pigs Of Monkeys1336 Words   |  6 Pages In 1976, Dr. Jonah Salk, creator of the killed-virus vaccine used in the 1950s, testified that the live-virus vaccine (used almost exclusively from the 1960s-2000s in the U.S.) was the â€Å"principle if not sole cause† of all reported polio cases since 1961 in the United States. Polio is made from the kidneys of monkeys. Mostly, they use wild caught Green Monkeys, the primate choice for making the polio vaccination. It was discovered that the monkeys had a virus called SV-40, a simian virus, was rampantRead MoreInnovators Dna84615 Words   |  339 Pagestraction in the market. But the better you are at asking the (continued) 100092 00a 001-014 INT r1 go.qxp 5/13/11 9:53 AM Page 10 10 INTRODUCTION right questions, engaging in the right observations, eliciting ideas and feedback through networking with the right people, and running experiments, the less likely you are to fail. Third, we spotlight different innovators and innovative companies to illustrate key ideas or principles, but not to set them up as perfect examples of how

DHL internship report free essay sample

The main aim of this report is to analyze competitiveness of DHL GMBH by using different assessment tools and techniques. However, to demonstrate its environment, product and service natures, structural units and their functions. In the meantime, to identify the level of organization efficiency, economical results and tendencies in change. The research has been conducted in order to exhibit: systems and network planning structures which are applied within the organization, to define internal and external factors that affects organization operational efficiency, to evaluate the ways and principles of DHL labour, physical, financial and digital resources planning and their organization methods. It is also has been aimed to represent organization‘s monitoring and controlling schemes of separate processes and projects with regard to company‘s targets, its customers and employees. In the report, it is structurally presented different insights, indicators, tendencies and results about enterprise effectiveness and administration. Moreover, understanding of the strategies impelented, goals that are established in the short or long tems, different perspectives of growth and maintenance, separate resources arrangement and management of overall functions of DHL are clearly provided. 1. DESCRIPTION OF THE ORGANISATION DHL is present in over 220 countries and territories across the globe, making it the most international company in the world. With a workforce exceeding 285,000 employees, we provide solutions for an almost infinite number of logistics needs. DHL is part of the worlds leading postal and logistics Group, Deutsche Post DHL and encompasses four divisions: DHL Express, DHL Global Forwarding, Freight and DHL Supply Chain. DHL‘s mission and vision In 2009, company laid out goals for the future Strategy 2015, including vision and mission for the company. Its vision emphasizes that organization wants to be The Logistics Company for the World. This goes beyond the simple fact that, as a global company, DHL present in over 220 countries and territories, or that DHL are often the very first logistics company to enter new markets. It also extends beyond unique ability to offer a wide range of logistics solutions, encompassing everything from international express deliveries, to warehousing, to customs brokerage, to freight forwarding – to mention just a few areas in which company are active. DHL‘s vision stresses that it wants to be the logistics provider people turn to – their first choice not only for all their shipping needs, but also as an employee or investor. This is further underlined in DHL‘s mission statement, which has four main elements: 1) We want to simplify the lives of our customers 2) We make our customers, employees and investors more successful 3) We make a positive contribution to the world 4) We always demonstrate respect when achieving our results „We are successful when you areâ€Å" Company strongly believes that pursuing all of these goals is in its interest and in the interest of all of their stakeholders: customers, employees, investors and the planet as a whole. However, organization add value to people’s interaction with themselves, whether with excellent services or products, by engaging its employees and nurturing their talents, or by being a solid, long-term investment on the stock market. And, the company shows concern for its world and its communities with its various corporate responsibility programs under the motto of ‘Living responsibility. ’ A company with a purpose DHL are deeply proud of the contribution it makes in daily work. Everything that is moved from one place to another needs the aid of logistics – but behind this simple truth one finds millions of stories. As the logistics company for the world, it forms the backbone of trade, ensuring that whatever needs to be delivered, gets delivered. A shipment placed in organization‘s trust may include life-saving medicines, or a birthday present from a friend, or hold a company’s entire existence in the form of a prototype. It is not only deliver parcels and packages, and make sure containers arrive at ports: it delivers prosperity, it transports health, it powers growth, it delivers joy. Every day it connects people, improving their lives. DHL Express‘s organization overview and main economic figures Express deliveries worldwide; freight forwarding with planes, trucks, ships and trains; warehousing services that go beyond just storage, but include everything from packaging to repairs; international mail deliveries; customized and specialized shipping. DHL Express transports urgent documents and goods reliably and on time from door-to-door in more than 220 countries and territories, and operates the most comprehensive global express network. With a fleet of more than 250 aircraft, DHL Express is also one of the largest air carriers worldwide. Facts and figures: DHL Express Worldwide (2012) Head Office Bonn, Germany Revenue Approx. 12. 8 billion euros Network More than 220 countries and territories served/more than 500 airports served globally Employees Approx. 100,000 Customers Approx. 2. 6 million Aircraft More than 250 dedicated aircraft 1. 1 Organization history and economic development results DHL Express is a division of the German logistics company Deutsche Post DHL providing international express mail services. Deutsche Post is the worlds largest logistics company operating around the world. DHL is a world market leader in sea and air mail. Originally founded in 1969 to deliver documents between San Francisco and Honolulu, the company expanded its service throughout the world by the late 1970s. The company was primarily interested in offshore and inter-continental deliveries, but the success of FedEx prompted their own intra-U. S. expansion starting in 1983. DHL aggressively expanded to countries that could not be served by any other delivery service, including the Soviet Union, Eastern Bloc, Iraq, Iran, China, Vietnam and North Korea. In 1998, Deutsche Post began to acquire shares in DHL. It finally reached majority ownership in 2001, and completed the purchase in 2002. Deutsche Post then effectively absorbed DHL into its Express division, while expanding the use of the DHL brand to other Deutsche Post divisions, business units and subsidiaries. Today, DHL Express shares its well-known DHL brand with other Deutsche Post business units, such as DHL Global Forwarding and DHL Supply Chain. The company started expanding their service through the early 1970s, first to the Philippines, then Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore and Australia. For lower-volume routes the company hired couriers on a one-off basis, trading airline tickets for the delivery. This simple expedient repeatedly saved the company many legal hassles in the future, when would-be investigators took them up on the open offer and make a delivery while taking their family on vacation. The first was when the FBI was tipped off about the groups of briefcase-carrying young men making repeated trips to Hawaii, and when they investigated and found nothing amiss, several agents became regular couriers for the company. 1. 2 Nature and types of products (services) and their tendency in change DHL has 5 main divisions: DHL Express, DHL Global Forwarding, DHL Freight, DHL Global Mail, DHL Supply Chain. However, products and services of the company are arranged between these divisions. DHL Express: The Express division transports courier, express and parcel shipments internationally, combining air and ground transport, under the DHL brand. It is divided into business units along regions: Europe, Asia Pacific, Americas, Europe, the Middle East and Africa. DHL offers worldwide services, including deliveries to countries such as Iraq, Afghanistan and Burma. As it is German-owned, DHL is not affected by U. S. embargoes or sanctions and will ship to Cuba and North Korea. However there are strict codes for delivering to North Korea, as the country has shaky relations with the West. The only country currently not being serviced by DHL is Turkmenistan. As DHL is not a US company, it is not allowed to make domestic flights between U. S. airports. DHL contracts these services to other providers. DHL Global Forwarding: Formerly known as DHL Danzas Air Ocean, is a division of Deutsche Post DHL providing air and ocean freight forwarding services. It also plans and undertakes major logistics projects under the brand name DHL Industrial Projects. Together with DHL Freight, it forms Deutsche Posts Freight/Forwarding department. The Forwarding division carries goods by rail, road, air and sea under the DHL brand. DHL Global Forwarding handles global air and ocean freight. DHL Freight: DHL Freight is a division of Deutsche Post DHL providing road and rail freight services across Europe, parts of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), North Africa and the Middle East. Together with DHL Global Forwarding (formerly DHL Danzas), it forms Deutsche Posts Freight/Forwarding business division. It runs a groundbased freight network covering Europe, Russia and traffic into the Middle East. DHL Global Mail: The Mail division delivers approximately 70 million letters in Germany, six days a week and provides mail services including production facilities at central hubs, sales offices and production centers on four continents, as well as direct connections to more than 200 countries. The Mail division inherits most of the traditional mail services formerly offered by the state-owned monopoly, for which it uses the Deutsche Post brand. Its exclusive right to deliver letters under 50 grams in Germany expired on 1 January 2008, following the implementation of European legislation. A number of companies are vying to challenge Deutsche Posts near monopolistic hold on letter deliveries, including Luxembourg-based PIN Group and Dutch-owned TNT Post. As of January 2008, the Mail division is subdivided into the following business units: †¢Mail Communication handles domestic mail service as well as international mail from Germany †¢Press Services handles domestic distribution of print products (newspapers and magazines). †¢Retail Outlets operates domestic retail outlets (post offices), which offer a complete array of letter mail, and parcel. †¢Dialogue Marketing provides services for direct marketing such as market research and address verification. †¢Parcel Germany handles the domestic, non-express parcel service, including the Pack station network. It was changed over to the DHL umbrella brand when it was temporarily assigned to the Express division. †¢Global Mail handles international mail and domestic mail in other countries under the DHL umbrella brand. Deutsche Post offers a service called a Garagenvertrag (literally garage agreement in English) to its German customers. The postman can leave packets and parcels in a specified place (such as the garage, or a neighbors house) if the addressee is not at home to receive them. This on the one hand saves the recipient a trip to the post office to pick up their mail. On the other hand, any item left at the specified place is regarded as â€Å"delivered† and hence not covered by Deutsche Posts insurance anymore. DHL Supply Chain: is a division of Deutsche Post DHL. The SUPPLY CHAIN division comprises two business units – Supply Chain and Williams Lea. In the Supply Chain business, DHL provides contract logistics solutions along the entire supply chain for customers from a wide variety of sectors. Williams Lea is a global provider of business process outsourcing and a specialist in corporate information solutions, the management of companies’ information and communication processes. In Canadian and USA markets DHL Supply Chain operates under the name Exel. DHL Supply Chain has around 130,000 employees and is headquartered in Bonn, Germany. Deutsche Post DHL is the world’s leading mail and logistics services group. The Deutsche Post and DHL corporate brands represent a one-of-a-kind portfolio of logistics (DHL) and communications (Deutsche Post) services. The Group provides its customers with both standardized products as well as solutions ranging from dialogue marketing to industrial supply chains. Deutsche Post DHL has about 470,000 employees in more than 220 countries and territories. The Supply Chain/Corporate Information Solutions provides contract logistics and corporate information solutions tailor-made for customers. It consists of two main business units: †¢DHL Supply Chain provides warehousing and warehouse transport services as well as value-added services for customers. †¢Corporate Information Solutions handles documents (collection, digitalisation, printing, storage, archival) of all types. 1. 3. Structural departments of the organisation, their types and functions Four operating divisions The Group is organised into four operating divisions, each of which is under the control of its own divisional headquarters and is subdivided into business units for reporting purposes. The company are the only provider of universal postal services in Germany. In its MAIL division, company delivers domestic and international mail and parcels and specializing in dialogue marketing, nationwide press distribution services and all the electronic services associated with mail delivery. Furthermore, with its E-Postbrief product, company are the first in the market to offer secure, user-identified written communication on the internet. EXPRESS division offers courier and express services to business customers and consumers in more than 220 countries and territories, the most comprehensive network in the world. GLOBAL FORWARDING, FREIGHT division handles the carriage of goods by rail, road, air and sea. Comany are the world’s number one air freight operator, number two ocean freight operator and one of the leading overland freight forwarders in Europe. SUPPLY CHAIN division is the global market leader in contract logistics, providing warehousing, managed transport and value-added services at every link in the supply chain for customers in a variety of industries. It also offers solutions for corporate information and communications management tailored precisely to the needs of our customers. The company consolidate the internal services that support the entire Group, including Finance, IT and Procurement, in our Global Business Services. This allows to make even more efficient use of organization resources whilst reacting flexibly to the rapidly changing demands of its business and its customers. Group management functions are centralised in the Corporate Center. Organisational structure of Deutsche Post DHL CORPORATE CENTER (CEO’S BOARD DEPARTMENT, FINANCE AND PERSONNEL) MAIL EXPRESS GLOBAL FORWARDING, FREIGHT SUPPLY CHAIN Mail Communication Dialogue Marketing Press Services Value-Added Services Parcel Germany Retail Outlets Global Mail Pension Service Europe Americas Asia Pacific EEMEA (Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Africa) Global Forwarding Freight Supply Chain Williams Lea 1. 4 Organization of the technical level of investment in innovation and economic efficiency Solutions Innovation (SI) Logistics of Tomorrow. The department of Solutions Innovation is part of the DHL Customer Solutions Innovation organization. Emphasis placed on the development and marketing of industry tailored solutions designed to simplify the lives of DHL customers. Solutions Innovation performs research on tomorrow’s logistics solutions and works with the various DHL units to develop solutions from start to finish from the initial concept to market readiness. Focusing on innovation projects and demonstrating DHL’s innovation capability while driving innovation excellence across the company are key tasks of SI. The Innovation projects are either Product Development based, with the aim of delivering new short-term solutions and services to the current needs of customers, or Research Development (RD) based. RD projects focus on emerging trends within the industry, to develop advanced solutions to pre-emptively tackle future challenges. Additionally company concentrates on Thought Leadership topics here as it has a big interest in the world. Based at the Innovation Campus in Troisdorf, the innovation team incorporates new technologies for future projects and combines existing approaches and solutions to utilize them more effectively in the marketplace. Solutions Innovation aims to harness the potential of Innovation at DHL and offer cross-divisional, integrated solutions to customers worldwide. Discovering Trends for Tomorrows Logistics. Research Development is the central team of the Group for identifying future customer and sector challenges. Compared to Product Development it takes on a long term focus. With the help of applied research, it designs prototypes, pilots and protects the next generation of products and solutions. By that the base for sustainable product development is built and DHL’s thought leader status in logistics is protected. For DHL, thought leadership is an essential component of being prepared for the future. By understanding and evaluating trends and early indicators it helps to develop innovative projects that have a real impact on our growth and competitiveness. To secure this position Corporate Patent Management is another part of the team dealing with all patent applications for DPDHL worldwide. On the pages below you can find out more about the Research Development projects currently being undertaken by Solutions Innovation. Tailor-made Solutions for our Customers. The main aim of company Product Development projects is to create solutions which can be deployed within business units across multiple sectors. Here, innovations arise from the direct needs of customers and are led by a team of experts from SI through the entire process, from the initial idea right up to the final product launch in a maximum of 2 years. By that Solutions Innovation not only generates value-added services for customers but also makes sure that daily business is kept up to date with the logistics industry. Find out how use RFID technology to track the goods of customers along the entire supply chain. See how the SmartTruck uses the latest navigation systems to enable automated route planning for its couriers. Discover the SmartSensor that allows to check on the condition of goods anytime, anywhere. DHL Thought Leader in Logistics. Innovation Excellence is an important part of Solutions Innovation that fosters the Innovation Capability of DHL. Three steps are necessary to reach this objective. The first one is to raise the awareness for the topic of innovation. Not just for the group but also for the logistics industry and customers. This is why we host the DHL Innovation Day, an event to increase the understanding of its customers for the challenges of the future in all kinds of fields, but for logistics in particular. Company also make logistics tangible with its Showroom. There organization present the ideas, concepts and projects of DHL and Solutions Innovation to sensitize visitors for the topic. The next step is to develop new value for the group and customers. This happens in tailored Innovation Workshops, in which best practice of innovation methods is used to understand the needs of customers and to react to them in a sufficient way. The last step is to implement or adjust the services that are created by the Innovation Workshops into daily business. This process is accompanied by the organization all along the way. 2. ACTIVITY ANALYSIS OF THE ORGANISATION AND THE INCREASE OF ITS COMPETITIVENESS 2. 1 The planning system applied in the organisation (Systematic logistics links) Logistics networks determine the geographic and logical distribution and networking of transportation, transshipment and warehousing processes as well as the related information processes. Companies choose the network structure that optimally suits their needs in terms of effectiveness and costs. In the process, they also make fundamental decisions that have a large number of secondary and operational effects. Basic structures of logistics systems Basic structures of logistics networks The logistics chain between procurement and the sales market can be illustrated graphically as a network. The transport, handling and warehousing processes related to the movement and storage of goods and the associated information processes are implemented through this network. The chart above illustrates the basic structures of such logistics systems. The logistics network strategy helps shape the basic structure of the logistics system and the related logistics capacity for the logistics processes. One-stage system In a one-stage system, the movement and storage involve a direct flow of goods between the supply point, or source, and the receiving point, or destination. In this system, the goods are made available at the supplier site and used at the receiving point. The strength of the one-stage system is that the flow of goods is not interrupted. No other warehousing and transport processes are required to send the goods in another direction. Multi-stage system In a multi-stage system, the movement and storage involve an indirect flow of goods between the supply and receiving points. The flow of goods is interrupted at one or more stages. Here, additional storage or transport processes are performed. The objective of this work is to separate or consolidate the flow of goods. Breakbulk point: Large quantities of goods from the supply point arrive at the â€Å"breakbulk point,† and small quantities of them leave it bound for various receiving points. Consolidation point: The interruption point in a multi-stage system can be a â€Å"consolidation point,† where the goods are consolidated, collect or sorted. Combined system: In combined systems, direct and indirect flows of goods can co-exist. 2. 2 Organization of external relations and their impact on the operational efficiency The corporate and economic environment has changed considerably in recent years. Many factors have had an impact on DHL‘s mail and logistics business. As part of our Strategy 2015, company systematically and continuously review the key factors affecting its business. Company continues to believe that its business is substantially impacted by four long-term trends: 1) Globalisation. Growth in the logistics industry will continue to outpace the growth of national economies in the future. Trade flows and volume to and from Asia as well as within Asia are seeing further sharp increases, as are those in other emerging regions, such as South America and the Middle East. DHL divisions are in a better position than most in these regions as well as in Europe and North America. Hardly any other company in the industry offers integrated logistics solutions for all means of transport and in all parts of the world as we do. 2) Outsourcing. In times of economic difficulty, companies feel increased pressure to reduce costs and streamline business processes. Activities that are not considered part of the core business are being outsourced to a greater extent. In addition, supply chains are becoming more complex and are being placed increasingly on an international footing. This makes them more susceptible to potential disturbances as this past year has again demonstrated. Accordingly, customers are demanding integrated solutions that provide a comprehensive range of services and modes of transport and which protect their supply chains. Copmany benefits from this trend due to its leading positions in the express, freight forwarding and contract logistics markets. 3) Digitalisation. The internet continues to fundamentally change the way in which information is exchanged. Physical communication channels are being replaced increasingly by electronic communication, which is leading to a decline in volumes and revenues in the traditional mail business in particular. On the other hand, the internet brings dealers and customers closer together and creates new demand for the transport of goods, advertising materials and contract documents. Demand for secure, confidential and reliable electronic communication is growing on the virtual market. Company have responded by launching the E-Postbrief product. Furthermore, it is expect to be able to take advantage of increasing digitalisation in other businesses. 4) Climate change. The past year again demonstrated that the heightened awareness of the environment and climate considerably impacts the logistics industry. In all of organization divisions, an ever-increasing number of customers are asking for climate-neutral products. As the world’s leading logistics company, it goes without saying that we shall play part in reducing carbon emissions. Company offers to its customers an extensive range of energy-saving transport options and climate-neutral products and have set an ambitious climate protection goal. 2. 3. PLANNING OF SEPARATE RESOURCES AND ORGANISATION OF THE ACTIVITY. 2. 3. 1. Planning of sales and manufacture (services) and its arrangement. DHL Express has very active sales and marketing organization that help to present DHLs brand and build image of quality. It also works on expanding companys presence into emerging markets. Asset of a company lays in well-established and well-managed brand especially in the service sector. Good brand also gives a competitive advantage in the labor market. It is important to show the company as an attractive employer to get highly skilled and committed employees. DHL uses modern tools for marketing. As an example can serve an online career portal used as a recruiting tool. DHL also reworked its corporate design and every service employee wears uniform clothing. Employees are educated about their company through Brand manuals. There is multi-lingual internet platform for DHL employees to get consistent information and be aware of the brand image. Customer retention, customer loyalty and brand recognition are amongst the benchmarks that DHL values to reach success. These innovative programs that DHL is running are expensive for the company. They know that the benefit will not come in short-term. Brand awareness and trust cannot be gained in short-time. However, if it is gained it could have long-lasting. Customer support and customer service is very important in logistics industry because one of the most important factors is customer satisfaction. Therefore, DHL Express regularly holds customer satisfaction surveys because they help to identify problem of substitute products, help to answer what substitute products customers consider, make better position in the market and among customers, uncover customers perceptions, improve customer loyalty and make product improvements. DHL Express knows that loyalty of the customers increase with satisfaction and if customer gets better value or benefit for the same price it could mean lower profit for the company but it is worth it in long-run. Research Development and Marketing Sales organizations have their significant role in After sales. 2. 3. 2. The main resources used, their planning and stocking Efficient management of information and goods Enterprise resource planning ERP is a description of systems that employ innovative information technology to manage all sorts of areas in companies. Major corporations, in particular, could hardly function without tailor-made ERP software. One component of ERP can be a warehouse management system (WMS). With its assistance, precise warehouse management can be conducted even in the most complex storage and distribution systems. As a result, inventory monitoring can be improved and the entire supply chain can be designed more efficiently. Physical goods movement and information flow in the ERP system The characteristics and application areas of ERP systems One elementary factor in optimizing a company’s important core business processes is the fast and precise retrieval, integration and collection of information. Enterprise resource planning ERP is a system that uses modern information technology to manage the functions of various company divisions and to create transparency in the process. Through the use of ERP and, as a result, a single data model for all company-relevant information significant amounts of internal integration can be achieved. This is an important benefit especially for international companies. But small and mid-sized companies can profit from tailor-made ERP solutions as well. For the entire supply chain Supply chain, an ERP system with a shared data model is a desirable solution but the implementation of it is extremely complex. The trend toward outsourcing Outsourcing is also raising the system’s cost because the number of companies in the supply chain continues to expand. Advanced planning systems Advanced planning system (APS) represent an extension of the ERP in terms of relationships with other companies. These systems represent complex logistics structures and processes in a supply chain Supply chain , and facilitate fast responses and optimal inventories and capacities. For this purpose, APS uses data managed by ERP systems. In the automotive industry, for instance, the supply chain can be mapped all the way to the pre-suppliers of a system supplier. As a result, critical paths can be recognized and supply squeezes prevented at an early point in time. Efficient storage administration through warehouse management systems Warehouse management systems (WMS) represent a further evolutionary step from the inventory management systems (IMS) used in the 1980s and early 1990s. The traditional IMS only enabled stored items and storage positions to be administered and conveying systems to be managed. But today’s WMS can do much more. Among other things, they permit numerous important indicators to be monitored and develop multifaceted strategies for optimizing the systems in use from these indicators. As a result, complex storage and distribution systems can be easily managed, monitored and optimized. A traditional IMS was generally used as a â€Å"black-box system† that was separated from the central company software. In contrast, the WMS began to be increasingly networked and integrated into the ERP Enterprise resource planning at the end of the 1990s. As modular software, the WMS offers a scalable functional range within the framework of the ERP: The core functions of a WMS support the basic processes in every company’s warehouse area: e. g. , receiving, storage, warehouse management, picking Picking , retrieval, shipping, inventory and forms management. The expanded functions of a WMS include batch/serial number management, management of empty bottles and returns. Additional modules offer connections to self-contained software packages like RFID Radio frequency identification software or pick-by-voice Pick-by-voice /pick-by-light Pick-by-light systems. One other important function is support that is provided to the management of linked storage facilities. As a result, the inventories of several warehouses can be balanced with one another or particularly high-quality items can be distributed only upon notification from centrally located warehouses. 2. 3. 3. Labour resources, their qualitative and quantitative need, applied types of payroll. A large part of how organization work revolves around the people who ultimately power its supply chain. Labour represents 30 percent of typical distribution costs in India. Whilst these labour costs may be proportionally less than more mature markets around the world, company still provide the same training and support to ensure they have the right skills and motivation to deliver world-class service and performance. A systematic approach: Flexible Resources In situations where company handles products, workforce is experienced and trained to respond to new challenges. It has the right mix of employees to cater to sectors such as Retail, Supply Parts Logistics, Health, Automotive, Technology and Consumer Goods. Organization‘s scale allows to bring qualified resources to the task just when clients need them most. Even its infrastructure is engineered to be more efficient many of its facilities are close to transportation hubs and share pre-trained resources for temporary or start-up needs. Motivated Teams Helping to its people work smarter pays dividends for everyone. Company is able to deliver more volume to its customers and reduce costs. Company

Both Sides Of The Abortion Issue Essays - Abortion,

Both Sides of the Abortion Issue During the past quarter century, abortion has joined race and war as one of the most debatable subject of controversy in the United States. It discusses human interaction where ethics, emotions and law come together. Abortion poses a moral, social and medical dilemma that faces many individuals to create a emotional and violent atmosphere. There are many points of view toward abortion but the only two fine distinctions are "pro-choice" and "pro-life". A pro-choicer would feel that the decision to abort a pregnancy is that of the mothers and the state has no right to interfere. A pro-lifer would hold that from the moment of conception, the embryo or fetus is alive. This life imposes on us a moral obligation to preserve it and that abortion is tantamount to murder (Kolner 5). In the United States about 1.6 million pregnancies end in abortion. Women with incomes under eleven thousand are over three times more likely to abort than those with incomes above twenty-five thousand. Unmarried women are four to five times more likely to abort than married and the abortion rate has doubled for 18 and 19 year olds. Recently the U.S. rate dropped 6 percent overall but the rate of abortion among girls younger than 15 jumped 18 percent. The rate among minority teens climbed from 186 per 1,000 to 189 per 1,000. The most popular procedure involved in abortions is the vacuum aspiration which is done during the first trimester (three months or less since the women has become pregnant). A tube is simply inserted through the cervix and the contents of the uterus are vacuumed out. The most commonly used type of second trimester abortion is called dilation and evacuation. Since the fetus has bones, bulk and can move, second trimester is not as simple. When as much of the fetus and placenta are vacuumed out then tweezers are used to remove larger parts. After this, or the beginning of the fifth month abortion is serious and actually induced as childbirth. That is, the mother is given substances which puts her into labor and delivers the fetus as she would a full-term baby. About 40 percent of Americans believe that abortion should remain legal and 40 percent believe it should be banned except when the pregnancy threatens the life of the mother or is the result of rape or incest. Also 15 percent b eveit should be illegal in all cases. Although abortion is regarded as a women's right, it should be banned with exceptions because it's considered murder, has many psychological side effects and there is an alternative. Abortion is a women's own right and choice. In 1973 the Roe v. Wade decision proved this by recognizing abortion as a fundamental constitution right and made it legal in all states. The law now permits abortion at the request of the women without any restrictions in the first trimester and some restrictions in the second trimester to protect the women's health. The National Abortion Right Act League argues that without legal abortion women would be denied their constitutional right of privacy and liberty. The women's right to her own body subordinates those of the fetus and the U.S. Supreme Court in Roe v. Wade argued that the women's "right to privacy" overruled the fetus's right to life. If abortion was illegal it would force poor women to bear and raise children they can't afford to bring up. There would be a number of unsafe abortions in back allies. It would also force women to give up their dreams and stay home to bring up babies. Worst of all, it would condemn victims o apeand incest to carry and nurture the offspring of their rapist.(Kolner 5) Abortion is necessary for women to have control over their own bodies and life. One activist said, "If I hadn't had that abortion my life would have been a disaster. I wouldn't have made it to medical school. I was married at that point to a very ill man and it would have been terrible to have to have my baby. People who need abortions are in some kind of turmoil and it's really a life-saving thing."(Blender 4) To ignore the rights of others is selfish and injustice. Women must have the right to control the functions of their own bodies. Revern George Gardiner pastor of the college Hill United Methodist Church, told the council that the ordnance would have done little good. "Young women need the freedom to make choices for their reproductive life

Personal Injury Litigation Essay Example

Personal Injury Litigation Essay Example Personal Injury Litigation Paper Personal Injury Litigation Paper Various developments in medical malpractice had taken place recently. One of these is the use of a CD-ROM based, interactive, anatomical program called A. D. A. M that allows any user to see and analyze the physiological parts of the human body. This program is used in various areas of medical schools in the United States. In a journal article entitled â€Å" A. D. A. M- The computer generated cadaver: A new Development in Medical Practice and Personal Injury Litigation† it stated that â€Å"A. D. A. M. and its female counterpart E. V. E. , use high-resolution graphics and color animation to show views of the human body from every conceivable angle simulating various traumas to the body. Utilizing a mouse, the A. D. A. M. user can point and click to reveal the various parts of the human body. †(Thapedi, 2007) The amazing part of this program is that allows attorneys to show injuries and surgeries in litigation. Moreover, in a Supreme Court’s decision in Rouse v. Pitt County Memorial Hospital, the attending physician may now be held responsible for resident’s negligence contrary to the practice before. In an article â€Å"Vicarious Liability† it states that â€Å"in addition to direct liability for negligent supervision of residents, the attending physician may now be vicariously liable under the borrowed servant doctrine for the negligence of his or her residents, even though the resident is providing treatment outside of the physical presence of the attending physician. † (Rabenau) There are also various developments in medical practice in other states including Maryland. Kaiser Daily Health Policy Report states that The Medical Mutual Liability Insurance Society of Maryland, the largest malpractice insurer in the state, plans to reduce premium rates for physicians by 8% in 2007, a move that would mark the first reduction since at least 1992, the AP/Washington Times reports. Medical Mutual cited a decreased number of malpractice claims as the reason for the planned reduction in premium rates. Kaiser Daily Health Policy Report states that â€Å"in Washington, D. C, physicians, hospitals and other health care providers soon will be required to report adverse medical events to a centralized public database created by the district health department in an effort to protect patients and improve care, the Washington Post reports. Under legislation passed by the district Council, doctors will have up to 60 days to report judgments and settlements related to malpractice allegations and any other disciplinary actions imposed by other states. †(Kaiser, 2007) BIBLIOGRAPHY Kaiser Daily Health Policy Report. 2007. Kaiser Daily Health Policy Report Highlights Recent Developments Related To Medical Malpractice In Four StatesMedical. medicalnewstoday. com/medicalnews. php? newsid=60287 (accessed February 26,2007) Rabenau, Karen. Vicarious Liability. Temporary Agency: The Borrowed Servant. nctrial. com/articles/rabenau/AppellateDevelopments/appellatedevelopments2. html (accessed February 26, 2007) Thapedi, Andre. 2007. A. D. A. M- The Computer Generated Cadaver: A New Development in Medical Malparactice and Personal Injury Malpractice. jcil. org/journal/articles/338. html. (Accessed February 26, 2007)

Providing support to families of individuals with severe mental health Research Paper

Providing support to families of individuals with severe mental health diagnoses - Research Paper Example Clients suffering from mental problems such as depression are most likely to live with parents and other family members. Such clients require support to get through the recovery period and assist them from succumbing to their habits once more (Baucom, Shoham, Mueser,  Daiuto,  Stickle, 1998, p. 57). The National Institute of Mental Health has carried out a survey that proved an approximated 17 million adult citizens enduring depression on an annual basis (Becker and Drake, 2006, p. 149). Depression is a factual and psychological problem with an extreme price of suffering and decreased work output. At the same time, depression is a treatable mental illness. Curtis is an educational and coaching analyst at the University of California, who has evolved his profession by service users following an analysis opinion carried out by the National Institute of Mental Health. Curtis was enduring migraines, severe headaches, sleepless nights, hallucinations and even convulsions while working at the university. Curtis sought for psychological help from specialists. Even though his journey to recovery is still incomplete, he struggles with his symptoms, while sorrowful the financial and relationship losses that he has undergone (Kuyken, Dalgleish and Holden, 2007, p. 5). Curtis has been divorced twice in one year, with both spouses claiming that they do not get â€Å"enough quality time since their husband is ever-working.† Late working hours, constant interruption from students, banking alerts, family and children demands have continuously depleted Curtis’ mind as he seeks to satisfy each of the needs. Therefore, Curtis sought for mental help at the National Institute of Mental Health. As a result, his siblings, children and career colleagues played a enormous role in causing his depression, as well as offering support for mental help. In accordance with my professional help, self-help and mutual

Admission proposal (Topic Data Mining) Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Admission (Topic Data Mining) - Research Proposal Example The need has motivated my desire to complete a PhD program on the subject and I believe that your supervision and capacity of your institution offers me the best opportunity to complete the program and to develop and influence implementation of the proposed framework. Existing literature identifies significance and challenges of data mining. Search techniques ensure availability of data for mining purposes (Weber and Horn 2013, p. 31), and this suggests ease of data mining and its popularity in organizations. FinancialPro.org is an example of sites that aid data search and its efficiency in availing data is a threat to data privacy and security. Roles of applications such as NoSQL in transforming data management also identify the need for â€Å"governance and stewardship† in operating data (Stiglich 2014, p. 22). Until the year 2013, according to Chen, et al (2013, p. 908), the available technique for ensuring privacy of data in data mining was inefficient and destroyed original data. While ensuring privacy achieved an ethical objective in data use, destroying original data established threats to reliability and validity of availed data. A new approach, which could be subject to other weaknesses, was therefore proposed. Current laws also i dentify a gap in regulating data mining because even though privacy laws exist, the scope of electronic data, especially data third parties possesses, undermines effectiveness of privacy laws. The United States’ fourth amendment suffers this weakness (Harvard Law Review 2014, p. 691) and situations in other countries such as Oman and Singapore suggest lack of suitable legal frameworks across many countries (Chesterman 2014, p. 51). While privacy establishes legal and ethical concerns over data mining, benefits of data mining are necessary for the contemporary environment. Moderating use of data mining is the solution and implementing the study will aid this. The following research question will be investigated. A

Synthesis Techniques for Fabrication of Nanofibers

Synthesis Techniques for Fabrication of Nanofibers Chapter # 02 Synthesis Techniques Introduction The different synthesis techniques for fabrication of nanofibers and nanoparticles will be discussed briefly in this chapter. The selected techniques and the experimental procedure for the synthesis of the nanoparticles and composite nanofibers will be discussed in detail. Synthesis Techniques for Nanoparticles Synthesis method being used for the preparation of nanomaterials is one of the most important factors that affect the different properties of the nanomaterials. There are two major classes of synthesis techniques used for preparation of nanoparticles Bottom-up approach Top-down approach Bottom-up Approach Bottom-up approach refers to the synthesis techniques in which nanoparticles are created from atomic scale to nanoscale. There are different techniques which refer to bottom-up approach Co-precipitation technique Sol-gel technique Wet-Chemical Methods In these methods the precursor solutions with appropriate stoichiometric ratios are mixed together and processed through heating resulting in the desired product. Wet chemical methods are advantageous because the particle size and shape is controllable and also the homogeneity in particle size distribution can be achieved by these methods [ref]. these factors play a vital role in enhancing the different properties of the material such as structural properties, thermal properties, electrical properties etc. The given examples of the bottom-up method are categorized as wet-chemical techniques. In co-precipitation method, the precursor solutions are mixed together and are heated at an appropriately selected temperature. The nucleation occurs precipitates are formed. The by by-products are washed away and the resulted powder is further processed for the different desired characterizations. Both the methods are advantageous in their own ways but sol-gel method is more convenient and efficient method for the preparation of nanomaterials at appropriately selected conditions. Also the major drawback of co-precipitation method is the non-uniformity of particles due to the intense agglomeration during the synthesis [ref] Top-down Approach In top-down approach, the material is processed from bulk state to nano regime by a number of methods. Solid state reaction method is one of top-down methods. Solid-state Reaction Method In solid state reaction method the precursors are directly mixed and ground into fine powder. The powder is further processed through hydraulic press and is pelletized for high heat treatment generally said to be sintering. The sintered pellet is characterized to check the desired properties of the sample. The process occurs at the interface of the solids (precursors) at higher temperature. The appropriate processing temperature and reaction time is selected particularly for the precursors used. At higher temperature, the diffusion of reactants starts causing the reaction to begin. For faster reaction, high surface contact area of the solids and small diffusion distance for the reactant is required which is attained by the well-mixing of the precursors [ref]. Although this is a low-cost method but the major drawback of this method is the non-homogeneity in particle distribution and size. Impurity in desired phase is also introduced during the grinding procedure of the precursors. The desired nanostructure is also not easy to achieve by this process [ref 54]. Sol-gel Synthesis Technique for NaxLi1-xCoO2 (x=0.0,0.5,1.0) Sol-gel method is one of the wet-chemical methods for the preparation of the various nanostructures. The variety of nanostructures can be produced by controlling the various parameters of sol-gel process such as the type of precursors, solvent type, processing temperature etc. the major advantage of the sol-gel process over other methods is the phase purity of the product as well as the homogeneity in the particle size and particle size distribution. This process involves two major steps Hydrolysis Condensation Hydrolysis of the selected metal oxide precursor occurs forming the particular hydroxides. The condensation occurs to form a network of linked hydroxides in the form of dense porous gel. In sol-gel process the precursor solutions are mixed together with a suitable gelling agent in appropriately selected ratio. The solution is then mixed homogeneously and heated until the gel is formed. The temperature is further raise to burn the gel which results in powder formation. The powder is heat treated and characterized to study the desired properties. Experimental Procedure Sol-gel method is used for the preparation of composition NaxLi1-xCoO2 (x=0.0,0.5,1.0). the precursors used are: Li2SO4.H2O (99.99% purity), Cu(NO3)2.6H2O (99.99% purity) and NaNO3 (99.99% purity). The selected precursors were added in appropriate stoichiometric amounts into ethylene glycol. Ethylene glycol was used as gelling agent. The molar ratio between the total mass of precursors to the volume of the gelling agent was kept 1:14 to achieve the homogeneity. The solution was initially magnetically stirred at room temperature to get the homogeneous solution. The solution was then heated at 100Â ±2Â ºC until the formation of the gel. The temperature of the gel was further increased upto 150Â ±2Â ºC which caused the gel to burn. The resulted powder was hen processed through hydraulic press to prepare pellets of dimensions 13mm x 3mm. the sintering of the pellets was done at 550 Â ºC for two hours to achieve high phase purity. The flow diagram of the experimental procedure is given in figure 2.1 Synthesis Techniques for Nanofibers There are a number of techniques used to fabricate nanofibers, some of them are mentioned Drawing Template Synthesis Phase Separation Self-Assembly Electrospinning Brief detail of all these techniques is given below Drawing Drawing is the techniqus to fabricate long single nanofiber one-by-one from the droplet of polymer. Following steps are involved in this technique a substrate material is applied a millimeter drop of polymer solution a micropipette is moved towards the drop. When micropipette comes in contact with the drop, it is pulled back with a certain rate. which depends upon the nature of the polymer solution. A long nanofiber is drawn from the liquid. The diameter of the resultant nanofiber depends on the type of the polymer, its composition, drawing velocity and speed of evaporation of the solvent. The major drawback of this technique is that only a strong viscoelastic material that can undergo strong deformation during this process when stress is applied while pulling the nanofiber, can be used in this process. So, choice of material is limited in this process. Template Synthesis In template synthesis, a metal oxide membrane having pores of nanoscale diameter is used. The metal oxide membrane is placed over a solidifying solution. Polymer solution is extruded by the membrane by applying high water pressure over it. Polymer solution after passing through the membrane comes in contact with solidifying solution which converts the polymer solution into nanofibers. The diameter of the nanofibers depends on the diameter of the pores of membrane. Fig. 2.2 show the different steps involved in this process. Phase separation In this mechanism, separation of phases is involved due to the physical incompatibility. Following are the steps involved A polymer is mixed with a suitable solvent Gelation occurs in this mixture The final step involves the separation of phases. One of the phases-which is that of the solvent- is extracted leaving behind the other remaining phase. The remaining phase is the nanofibrous structure. Self-Assembly Self-assembly processing involves the smaller molecules as basic building blocks to build-up the nanofibers. Molecules are spontaneously organized into an individual and stable structure with preprogrammed non covalent bonds. Nanofibers of very thin diameter can be fabricated using this process but it requires very complicated procedures. The low productivity is another limitation of this method. Electrospinning This is the selected synthesis technique for the current research work. Electrospinning is the most efficient and simple technique to produce ultra-thin nanofibers. There are different components of the electrospinning setup which include High voltage source Syringe Needle Metal Collector Schematic of electrospinning process High voltage source is used in this procedure. The positive end of the source is connected with the needle while the metal collector is grounded by connecting it with the negative end of the voltage source. This creates the potential difference between the two ends which accelerates the polymer solution from the needle towards the collector in the form of solution jet. Before the solution jet reaches the collector surface, the solvent of the solution is evaporated and is collected as an interconnected web of the fibers. The polymer solution in the needle is held due to its surface tension, which induces a charge on the solution surface. The charge repulsion and contraction among the surface charge and its counter electrode causes a force that is directly opposite to the surface tension. As the intensity of the electric field increases, the hemispherical surface of the solution at the tip of the needle elongates to form a conical shape called Taylor cone. As the electric field is further increased, the repulsive electrostatic force overcomes the surface tension of the solution and jet of the solution is ejected from the Taylor cone. The ejected polymer solution undergoes instability and elongation process which allows the jet to become very long and thin. Meanwhile the solvent is evaporated from the polymer solution, leaving behind a charged polymer fiber. In electrospinning technique there are different processing parameters which affect the diameter of the nanofibers. These parameters include voltage, needle tip to collector distance, feed rate and the concentration. This method is advantageous over other methods due to its versatility, cost effectiveness and also by controlling the different processing parameters; the dimensions of the nanofibers can be controlled. Sol-gel Combined Electrospinning Technique Combining sol-gel method with electrospinning is the most convenient technique to prepare composite nanofibers.the different precursors involved in the sol-gel technique have different hydrolysis rate which leads to the in homogeneity of sol. To avoid such probles, electrospinning is combined with the sol-gel process. The problem is solved by electrospinning procedure due to the confinement of the different sol-gel reaction stages (hydrolysis, condensation and gelation) withing extremetly small space i-e the spinning jet and the final nanofiber [ref]. Experimental Procedure: Sol-gel combined electrospinning technique is used for the preparation of composite nanofibers with NaxLi1-xCoO2 (x=0.0,0.5,1.0). The precursors used are: Li2SO4.H2O (99.99% purity), Cu(NO3)2.6H2O (99.99% purity) and NaNO3 (99.99% purity). The polymers selected for this purpose were Poly vinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP) with a molecular weight of 40,000 g/mol and Poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) having a molecular weight of 89,000 g/mol. Polymer Solution Preparation Polymer solution was prepared by firstly selecting the appropriate solvents for the selected polymers. The solvent used for the PVP polymer was Ethanol and that for PVA polymwer was DI water. The molarity of PVP and PVA polymer solution were calibrated as 0.008M and 0.0006M respectively. Both polymers were separately added to their respective solvents and the solutions were magnetically stirred for 1 hour at room temperature. After acquiring the homogeneity, both solutions were mixed together and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Precursors Solution Preparation The precursors solution was separately prepared. The precursors were added to their respective solvents separately and magnetically stirred at room temperature. DI water was used as a solvent for Li2SO4.H2O while ethanol was used for Cu(NO3)2.6H2O and NaNO3. 0.2M solutions were prepared for each precursor separately. After acquiring the homogeneous solutions, all three solutions were mixed together and magnetically stirred for 45 min. After achieving a homogeneous precursors solution, the polymer solution was added to it. the final solution was heated and stirred at 100Â ±5Â ºC for 1 hour. The resultant solution was then loaded to the syringe and was further processed through electrospinning. The figure shows the flow diagram of the discussed method

The Power Struggle between the President and Congress Essay -- Papers

The Power Struggle between the President and Congress From the inception of the Constitution, there has always been a power struggle between the President and Congress. In the beginning, Madison and the Jeffersonians were placed in a gridlock with Hamilton and his school of political philosophy. Andrew Jackson fought to extend the powers of the President, then Congress spent 50 years fighting to repeal the powers of the Executive. Abraham Lincoln refined Jacksonian presidential politics, then Congress impeached his successor, Andrew Johnson, for fear of another quasi -- tyrannical President. Even today, a Congress, whose majority is of the same party as the President, fights 24 hours a day to check the power of President George W. Bush. But why, and how? Inherent Power Struggles Within the Constitution: Article I, Section I -- "All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives" VS. Article II, Section I -- "The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America" Article II, Section II -- "The President shall be the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United States" - The Founders' ambiguous and contradicting language sets the stage for a power struggle between the Executive and the Legislative branches - Being that the Founders were political masterminds, they realized that unique circumstances would demand some deviations from the restraints that the Constitution places on both the Executive and the Legislature - Founders anticipated that during times of crisis', the nation would need ... ... in office and how the congress will act toward the President; whether he be a President that demands respect or one who forfeits it and whether the Congress gives in to the demands of the Executive or if the Congress comes down on t he Executive like a hammer on a nail. This can be accomplished by viewing the circumstances in which a President takes office, the manner in which he carries himself during his term, and the way in which the President leaves as Commander in Chief. Conclusion: The President has neither gained nor lost power. There exists the same balance between Executive and Congress as there was when Washington was sworn in as America's first President. The only difference between then and now, is the fact that today we must wade through the layers of insignificance and precedents that history has forged against us, the political thinker and historian.

“Freeze!” – Creative Writing

The loaded fork stopped short of the man's mouth. His eyes scanned the room to find out where the shout came from, his eyes followed to the door of the room and stopped. There in the doorway he could make out four officers, guns ready should he move unexpectedly. â€Å"Put your hands where we can see them!† A moment passed as the man wondered whether or not to eat his last forkful before doing as he was told. He thought better of it and put the fork, still loaded on to his plate. Slowly he raised his arms in the air. Officers streamed into the cramped room, surrounding the man there were as many as could fit with space enough to raise a gun. Some officers were what seemed to be too close to the table, but they could not retreat for the officers behind them. One man passed out from the sight, he was dragged out before he caused a commotion. The seated man smiled at the officer's weakness and followed his limp body out of the room with his eyes. There continued a small bustle as the man was arrested, read his rights, cuffed, masked and shackled. He was walked out of the room, up the flight of stairs that led from the basement flat and out in to the street, where he could see how important he was. Squad cars, and two SWAT vans littered the already dark street. The man could just make out the head of the police department sat comfortably in his black, government car. The man was shoved into the back of an armoured van which already contained three well built men. They were fully equipped with batons and cattle prods. The man decided it best to sit quietly and enjoyed the ride in the windowless van. He shut his eyes and dreamed as he swayed with the jolts the dirt road gave the van. What seemed like hours had passed when the van finally stopped. A minute later, the doors opened and the man was pulled out, still cuffed, masked and shackled. He was escorted into a large important looking building filled with blue uniformed men. The man was led through a maze of corridors and pass checks. They came to a narrow, brightly lit, warm corridor with sound proofed walls and bullet-proof Perspex panels and doors that opened in on to neat holding cells. He was taken down to the last cell on the left, even though all the other nine cells were empty. His cuffs and mask were taken off but they left the shackles, he was politely asked to step inside the cell. He thanked the two officers that had been left with him and walked into the cell. The door was locked behind him. The officers out of duty asked if he wanted anything. â€Å"I'm a bit hungry.† The blood drained from the younger officer's face. â€Å"I was wondering if I could finish my meal?† From the look on their faces he could tell the answer was no. â€Å"Maybe I could have a snack, a packet of crisps or something?† Their faces seemed to relax. â€Å"What flavour?† Quested the young officer. â€Å"Bacon if possible.† The man saw the young officer recoil, the older officer seemed better trained and showed no emotion. â€Å"We'll see what we can do.† The older officer stated. â€Å"Thank you,† the man responded, â€Å"By the way, do you know how long I'm going to be here? I mean will I just have to wait for a little bit or will I have more time that I could waste sleeping or something?† â€Å"We don't know. Do what you see fit.† The older officer motioned the younger officer to follow and they walked out of the man's view. The man settled down and took in his surroundings. Three white walls and one Perspex panel and door held him captive. There was a smooth cot bed made up too perfection with cream blankets and sheets. A steel toilet stood quietly in the corner with a small matching basin next to it. Nothing else furnished the room. The man sat down on the floor and leaned against the cot. With the cool metal side of it in his back he knew he would not be comfortable in this position for long, but he was too lazy to move yet. The man shut his eyes and began to dream. His dreams were plagued by food for he was hungry. He had been interrupted during his dinner and so his belly was not full or content. He dreamed of a starter of soft Cornish crackers, smothered with liver pà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½tà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. For the main course a beautifully cooked meat pie, soaked in gravy with a very small salad on the side. For dessert a tray of mince pies. He always wondered why they never actually had any real mince in them but even so he delighted in eating them, just for their name. Just as he finished his first mince pie and was about to reach out for another, a soft knocking on the door interrupted him. He opened his eyes to the older officer standing outside the cell staring at him. The man stood and stepped forward towards the glass. The officer stepped back and from his pocket produced a shiny packet. â€Å"I only have roast chicken flavour left.† The man looked at the officer puzzled. â€Å"It must have been confiscated from a convict, nobody will miss it I assure you.† The officer spoke too quickly. He placed the packet in the food tray on the floor and slid it shut so that the drawer's content was now on the inside of the cell. The man picked it up. â€Å"Thank you very much. I wasn't expecting anything at all. Thank you again.† The man sat on the cot and proceeded to open the packet of crisps. He placed the bag close to his face and smelled its contents. He looked back at the glass and was surprised to see the officer still there. He smiled and pulled out a wafer of potato. As he crunched into it, the officer turned and walked away, the man thought he saw a smile on the officers face but could not be sure. It almost looked as if the officer was longing for something, but the man dismissed that idea, why would an officer long for a packet of crisps? The officer probably was feeling sorry for the man. The man ate half the packet and decided to save the rest for later. He put the packet under the cot pillow. He kicked off his shoes, imitation leather, slid on to his side and drifted off to sleep on the cot. A long while later, he was woken up by a buzzer he could not see. He stood in time to see four officers at his cell. He was led through another maze of corridors and pass checks to a small questioning room. He was sat down at a medium sized wooden table with two chairs, one that he occupied. A large mirror took up the wall opposite where the man sat. He suspected it to be a two-way mirror for obvious reasons. He was left there with the shackles clinking softly at his ankles. Two officers entered around a half hour later. One sat down, the other stood in the shadow near the door. The seated officer placed a Dictaphone on the table, switched it on and stated the date, time and the names of all present in the room. The man was shocked that it had been a full 12 hours since he had been caught. Then it began; the barrage of questions. First they started slowly; his name, age, date of birth, height, weight and so on. They gave him time to answer each question fully and only asked another when he looked as if he had nothing more to say. Then they began to speed up. â€Å"When was the last time he had food?† He told of the crisps, interrupting they asked what flavour. â€Å"Roast Chicken.† â€Å"Who gave them to you?† â€Å"Another officer, I don't know his name.† â€Å"Do we look stupid?† The man did not answer. â€Å"No officer is allowed to give you food.† â€Å"But-† â€Å"No officer would give you chicken flavour crisps.† The man put his head down as in defeat. â€Å"And before that? What was the next before last thing you ate?† â€Å"Lunch.† â€Å"Consisting of?† â€Å"Meat.† The man had raised his head to look the officer in the face before he had replied. A look clouded both officers' faces. The seated officer rose and motioned the other to sit. This officer was dressed differently, for one she wore a dark blue skirt rather than trousers. Instead of the usual white shirt the men wore, she wore a light blue blouse and a small tailored dark blue waistcoat. â€Å"This, † motioned the now standing officer, â€Å"is officer Ali, first name Aliya. She is very familiar with your type of problem.† â€Å"Hello.† A quiet, slightly shaky voice indicated she was not as good as her introduction. â€Å"Hello Miss.† The man said politely. â€Å"Address the officer properly.† â€Å"Nice to meet you officer Ali.† â€Å"That's okay officer. Let the man relax.† The standing officer grunted indignantly and walked towards the door to lean against the wall near the light switch. â€Å"Okay. Let's start.† The young lady produced a bunch of papers from a small briefcase by her feet. â€Å"These are just a few character tests I need you do to so that I can help you. Would you mind taking one of these?† She looked at the officer for approval. He nodded. â€Å"Not at all officer. I know I'm sick and need help. But I haven't the will power.† The man looked genuine in his feelings. â€Å"Okay. Right. Okay. How often do you eat meat?† She laboured over the last word, as if it was uncommon. â€Å"Not very often only when I can find some. Then I tend to gorge myself on it.† â€Å"And where do you get your†¦meat?† She fuddled over the word again â€Å"An out of town butcher† The man said flatly. â€Å"Really?† She raised her eyebrows in surprise. She suspected he was lying. â€Å"No. I catch it myself. I stalk them and then kill them with a knife, that way not bullets or poison spoils it.† He had lied and had thought better of it to tell he truth. He put his head down again in shame. â€Å"Spoils it?† Her eyebrows now knit together in curios â€Å"The taste is better if there isn't all that stuff.† He was a little cautious of his answers but he was trying to be as honest as he could, he wanted help and they could only help him if they knew everything. â€Å"Ok. Do you think you could ever stop†¦doing what you are doing?† She struggled again to ask these questions. This was new to her, she had only been doing this for about a month and this was the first man who was this honest. The rest of the offenders usually laid the whole way through. She knew why; they had heard of what would happen to them if they were convicted. â€Å"I hope so. I can go without it for long, weeks at a time but then a craving for it plagues my mind and body.† He looked for some kind of reaction in here eyes. Another inquisitive look knotted hey eyebrows together. â€Å"You have withdrawal symptoms?† â€Å"Yes. I start, dreaming. I'm a good cook. I dream up dishes that I can make. I can make anything out of any bit of meat.† He sounded slightly proud of himself. But then he remembered why he was there and retreated back to feeling sorry for himself. â€Å"Can I ask why you call it meat? Not flesh, or food?† â€Å"If you think of it as what it really is, then you begin to feel guilty. I don't like feeling bad, so I don't think of them as anything important, only as bits of meat that taste nice.† It was an answer given matter-of-factly. â€Å"If we put you on a diet of only vegetables would you be able to survive?† She looked for a way out for him, she felt sorry for him. â€Å"Yes of course, I wouldn't like it though.† This was not going well for the man. She asked the final question that she knew would decide his fate. She wished he would answer correctly but she could give no kind of indication to him as to what his answer should be. â€Å"If you had the chance to have meat again after this interview would you take it?† A slight pause as the man put his head down and answered n a small voice. â€Å"Yes.† Suddenly the door burst in and armed guards rushed into the small room. In desperation the man realised that the rumours of what happened to people like him were true and that he had just sealed his fate. â€Å"I mean no, I wouldn't. I wouldn't! I promise, no, no I wouldn't.† He screamed apologetically, begging for forgiveness and promising that he would be good. He sounded like a little boy begging his parents for one more chance after doing something wrong and knowing he would be punished. The office seated stood up and walked out of the room. She looked back at the man with sympathy but she knew she could do nothing. He had answered wrong. He was dragged out of the room by guards who had been waiting outside the door. â€Å"No! I promise, never again!† The man was taken to a cell not too far from the questioning room. He cried and screamed, kicked and bit. He tried everything to free himself. It didn't work. He was thrown into a small cell, 4 foot by 3. Blood was spattered on the walls and the man shook as he realised in his mind what was actually going to happen. Three small flaps near the floor opposite the now bolted steel door snapped open. Out of them came a stream of fat brown rats. They circled him, ring upon ring formed round him, the man stood still, his eyes racing round to each small set of beady eyes. Their bright yellow teeth were visible and chattered every so often, all daring each other to jump first. A silent sign made them all pounce on him. He shrieked and tried to pull them off. They bit through his shirt, on his bare arms and at his legs. Many drew blood on their first bite. These were well-trained assassins. They were hungry and wanted meat. The man's shoes had been kicked during the scrap and now the rats bit at his socks. The man fell on the floor and they swarmed him. Wave upon wave of pain coursed through the man. They were biting all over his body, regardless of whether it was clothed or not. If it were clothed, they would slash an opening and clamber through to the soft skin underneath. The rats were in his shirt, in his trousers biting at everything. The man continued to fight them off, but there were just too many. He kept screaming until one rat dared to jump into in and bite his tongue. The man bit down as hard as he could. Half the rat fell off of him, tail still twitching. He spat the other half out and spat out the rodent's blood, it mingled with his own from the bite on the tip of his tongue. He stopped screaming but when a rat latched on to his nose he yelped in pain. It's tail swung into his mouth and he bit it off accidentally swallowing it. Another rat bit down into the flesh between his thumb and fore finger, he tried to shake it off but the momentum plus the weight of the rat caused the flesh to rip and the rat to fly off with part of the man in it's mouth. It dropped the meat and attacked him again on his other hand hoping for a larger piece. Rats on the man's belly ripped and clawed their way past the skin, getting to the soft meat beneath it. Five especially fat rats tunnelled through the man into his abdomen and chest. The man could not breathe, as his lungs were half eaten. He coughed up blood and in it was a bit of a rat's tail. The man retched but nothing came up as his stomach was on the floor in front of him. Eventually the man ceased to move. His efforts for survival had been futile. The rats continued their meal until all that was left was the bones of a man. When they were full they sat in the corners of the room letting the still-hungry rats gorge till they themselves could eat no more. Hours passed and slowly the rats scampered back to their homes on the other side of the flaps, where more food was. When every rat had gone, two officers shut the flaps, opened the door and collected the remains. They remarked about how efficient the rats were getting, this one had died within two hours of being locked in. The other remarked the time was too short and that every non-vegetarian should endure the most torture they could receive before dying. They both agreed that all meat eaters should be put to death and that this was the most fitting way for it too be done but they still continued to argue over how long it should last. Their argument lasted all the way to the dump where they threw the filled bin liners into a newly dug pit, big enough for thirty bags or so. By then they had grown tired of the discussion and were now debating whether to go to the new veggie-restaurant, or go to the usual veggie noodle bar for lunch.