Synthesis Techniques for Fabrication of Nanofibers

Synthesis Techniques for Fabrication of Nanofibers Chapter # 02 Synthesis Techniques Introduction The different synthesis techniques for fabrication of nanofibers and nanoparticles will be discussed briefly in this chapter. The selected techniques and the experimental procedure for the synthesis of the nanoparticles and composite nanofibers will be discussed in detail. Synthesis Techniques for Nanoparticles Synthesis method being used for the preparation of nanomaterials is one of the most important factors that affect the different properties of the nanomaterials. There are two major classes of synthesis techniques used for preparation of nanoparticles Bottom-up approach Top-down approach Bottom-up Approach Bottom-up approach refers to the synthesis techniques in which nanoparticles are created from atomic scale to nanoscale. There are different techniques which refer to bottom-up approach Co-precipitation technique Sol-gel technique Wet-Chemical Methods In these methods the precursor solutions with appropriate stoichiometric ratios are mixed together and processed through heating resulting in the desired product. Wet chemical methods are advantageous because the particle size and shape is controllable and also the homogeneity in particle size distribution can be achieved by these methods [ref]. these factors play a vital role in enhancing the different properties of the material such as structural properties, thermal properties, electrical properties etc. The given examples of the bottom-up method are categorized as wet-chemical techniques. In co-precipitation method, the precursor solutions are mixed together and are heated at an appropriately selected temperature. The nucleation occurs precipitates are formed. The by by-products are washed away and the resulted powder is further processed for the different desired characterizations. Both the methods are advantageous in their own ways but sol-gel method is more convenient and efficient method for the preparation of nanomaterials at appropriately selected conditions. Also the major drawback of co-precipitation method is the non-uniformity of particles due to the intense agglomeration during the synthesis [ref] Top-down Approach In top-down approach, the material is processed from bulk state to nano regime by a number of methods. Solid state reaction method is one of top-down methods. Solid-state Reaction Method In solid state reaction method the precursors are directly mixed and ground into fine powder. The powder is further processed through hydraulic press and is pelletized for high heat treatment generally said to be sintering. The sintered pellet is characterized to check the desired properties of the sample. The process occurs at the interface of the solids (precursors) at higher temperature. The appropriate processing temperature and reaction time is selected particularly for the precursors used. At higher temperature, the diffusion of reactants starts causing the reaction to begin. For faster reaction, high surface contact area of the solids and small diffusion distance for the reactant is required which is attained by the well-mixing of the precursors [ref]. Although this is a low-cost method but the major drawback of this method is the non-homogeneity in particle distribution and size. Impurity in desired phase is also introduced during the grinding procedure of the precursors. The desired nanostructure is also not easy to achieve by this process [ref 54]. Sol-gel Synthesis Technique for NaxLi1-xCoO2 (x=0.0,0.5,1.0) Sol-gel method is one of the wet-chemical methods for the preparation of the various nanostructures. The variety of nanostructures can be produced by controlling the various parameters of sol-gel process such as the type of precursors, solvent type, processing temperature etc. the major advantage of the sol-gel process over other methods is the phase purity of the product as well as the homogeneity in the particle size and particle size distribution. This process involves two major steps Hydrolysis Condensation Hydrolysis of the selected metal oxide precursor occurs forming the particular hydroxides. The condensation occurs to form a network of linked hydroxides in the form of dense porous gel. In sol-gel process the precursor solutions are mixed together with a suitable gelling agent in appropriately selected ratio. The solution is then mixed homogeneously and heated until the gel is formed. The temperature is further raise to burn the gel which results in powder formation. The powder is heat treated and characterized to study the desired properties. Experimental Procedure Sol-gel method is used for the preparation of composition NaxLi1-xCoO2 (x=0.0,0.5,1.0). the precursors used are: Li2SO4.H2O (99.99% purity), Cu(NO3)2.6H2O (99.99% purity) and NaNO3 (99.99% purity). The selected precursors were added in appropriate stoichiometric amounts into ethylene glycol. Ethylene glycol was used as gelling agent. The molar ratio between the total mass of precursors to the volume of the gelling agent was kept 1:14 to achieve the homogeneity. The solution was initially magnetically stirred at room temperature to get the homogeneous solution. The solution was then heated at 100Â ±2Â ºC until the formation of the gel. The temperature of the gel was further increased upto 150Â ±2Â ºC which caused the gel to burn. The resulted powder was hen processed through hydraulic press to prepare pellets of dimensions 13mm x 3mm. the sintering of the pellets was done at 550 Â ºC for two hours to achieve high phase purity. The flow diagram of the experimental procedure is given in figure 2.1 Synthesis Techniques for Nanofibers There are a number of techniques used to fabricate nanofibers, some of them are mentioned Drawing Template Synthesis Phase Separation Self-Assembly Electrospinning Brief detail of all these techniques is given below Drawing Drawing is the techniqus to fabricate long single nanofiber one-by-one from the droplet of polymer. Following steps are involved in this technique a substrate material is applied a millimeter drop of polymer solution a micropipette is moved towards the drop. When micropipette comes in contact with the drop, it is pulled back with a certain rate. which depends upon the nature of the polymer solution. A long nanofiber is drawn from the liquid. The diameter of the resultant nanofiber depends on the type of the polymer, its composition, drawing velocity and speed of evaporation of the solvent. The major drawback of this technique is that only a strong viscoelastic material that can undergo strong deformation during this process when stress is applied while pulling the nanofiber, can be used in this process. So, choice of material is limited in this process. Template Synthesis In template synthesis, a metal oxide membrane having pores of nanoscale diameter is used. The metal oxide membrane is placed over a solidifying solution. Polymer solution is extruded by the membrane by applying high water pressure over it. Polymer solution after passing through the membrane comes in contact with solidifying solution which converts the polymer solution into nanofibers. The diameter of the nanofibers depends on the diameter of the pores of membrane. Fig. 2.2 show the different steps involved in this process. Phase separation In this mechanism, separation of phases is involved due to the physical incompatibility. Following are the steps involved A polymer is mixed with a suitable solvent Gelation occurs in this mixture The final step involves the separation of phases. One of the phases-which is that of the solvent- is extracted leaving behind the other remaining phase. The remaining phase is the nanofibrous structure. Self-Assembly Self-assembly processing involves the smaller molecules as basic building blocks to build-up the nanofibers. Molecules are spontaneously organized into an individual and stable structure with preprogrammed non covalent bonds. Nanofibers of very thin diameter can be fabricated using this process but it requires very complicated procedures. The low productivity is another limitation of this method. Electrospinning This is the selected synthesis technique for the current research work. Electrospinning is the most efficient and simple technique to produce ultra-thin nanofibers. There are different components of the electrospinning setup which include High voltage source Syringe Needle Metal Collector Schematic of electrospinning process High voltage source is used in this procedure. The positive end of the source is connected with the needle while the metal collector is grounded by connecting it with the negative end of the voltage source. This creates the potential difference between the two ends which accelerates the polymer solution from the needle towards the collector in the form of solution jet. Before the solution jet reaches the collector surface, the solvent of the solution is evaporated and is collected as an interconnected web of the fibers. The polymer solution in the needle is held due to its surface tension, which induces a charge on the solution surface. The charge repulsion and contraction among the surface charge and its counter electrode causes a force that is directly opposite to the surface tension. As the intensity of the electric field increases, the hemispherical surface of the solution at the tip of the needle elongates to form a conical shape called Taylor cone. As the electric field is further increased, the repulsive electrostatic force overcomes the surface tension of the solution and jet of the solution is ejected from the Taylor cone. The ejected polymer solution undergoes instability and elongation process which allows the jet to become very long and thin. Meanwhile the solvent is evaporated from the polymer solution, leaving behind a charged polymer fiber. In electrospinning technique there are different processing parameters which affect the diameter of the nanofibers. These parameters include voltage, needle tip to collector distance, feed rate and the concentration. This method is advantageous over other methods due to its versatility, cost effectiveness and also by controlling the different processing parameters; the dimensions of the nanofibers can be controlled. Sol-gel Combined Electrospinning Technique Combining sol-gel method with electrospinning is the most convenient technique to prepare composite nanofibers.the different precursors involved in the sol-gel technique have different hydrolysis rate which leads to the in homogeneity of sol. To avoid such probles, electrospinning is combined with the sol-gel process. The problem is solved by electrospinning procedure due to the confinement of the different sol-gel reaction stages (hydrolysis, condensation and gelation) withing extremetly small space i-e the spinning jet and the final nanofiber [ref]. Experimental Procedure: Sol-gel combined electrospinning technique is used for the preparation of composite nanofibers with NaxLi1-xCoO2 (x=0.0,0.5,1.0). The precursors used are: Li2SO4.H2O (99.99% purity), Cu(NO3)2.6H2O (99.99% purity) and NaNO3 (99.99% purity). The polymers selected for this purpose were Poly vinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP) with a molecular weight of 40,000 g/mol and Poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) having a molecular weight of 89,000 g/mol. Polymer Solution Preparation Polymer solution was prepared by firstly selecting the appropriate solvents for the selected polymers. The solvent used for the PVP polymer was Ethanol and that for PVA polymwer was DI water. The molarity of PVP and PVA polymer solution were calibrated as 0.008M and 0.0006M respectively. Both polymers were separately added to their respective solvents and the solutions were magnetically stirred for 1 hour at room temperature. After acquiring the homogeneity, both solutions were mixed together and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Precursors Solution Preparation The precursors solution was separately prepared. The precursors were added to their respective solvents separately and magnetically stirred at room temperature. DI water was used as a solvent for Li2SO4.H2O while ethanol was used for Cu(NO3)2.6H2O and NaNO3. 0.2M solutions were prepared for each precursor separately. After acquiring the homogeneous solutions, all three solutions were mixed together and magnetically stirred for 45 min. After achieving a homogeneous precursors solution, the polymer solution was added to it. the final solution was heated and stirred at 100Â ±5Â ºC for 1 hour. The resultant solution was then loaded to the syringe and was further processed through electrospinning. The figure shows the flow diagram of the discussed method

The Power Struggle between the President and Congress Essay -- Papers

The Power Struggle between the President and Congress From the inception of the Constitution, there has always been a power struggle between the President and Congress. In the beginning, Madison and the Jeffersonians were placed in a gridlock with Hamilton and his school of political philosophy. Andrew Jackson fought to extend the powers of the President, then Congress spent 50 years fighting to repeal the powers of the Executive. Abraham Lincoln refined Jacksonian presidential politics, then Congress impeached his successor, Andrew Johnson, for fear of another quasi -- tyrannical President. Even today, a Congress, whose majority is of the same party as the President, fights 24 hours a day to check the power of President George W. Bush. But why, and how? Inherent Power Struggles Within the Constitution: Article I, Section I -- "All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives" VS. Article II, Section I -- "The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America" Article II, Section II -- "The President shall be the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United States" - The Founders' ambiguous and contradicting language sets the stage for a power struggle between the Executive and the Legislative branches - Being that the Founders were political masterminds, they realized that unique circumstances would demand some deviations from the restraints that the Constitution places on both the Executive and the Legislature - Founders anticipated that during times of crisis', the nation would need ... ... in office and how the congress will act toward the President; whether he be a President that demands respect or one who forfeits it and whether the Congress gives in to the demands of the Executive or if the Congress comes down on t he Executive like a hammer on a nail. This can be accomplished by viewing the circumstances in which a President takes office, the manner in which he carries himself during his term, and the way in which the President leaves as Commander in Chief. Conclusion: The President has neither gained nor lost power. There exists the same balance between Executive and Congress as there was when Washington was sworn in as America's first President. The only difference between then and now, is the fact that today we must wade through the layers of insignificance and precedents that history has forged against us, the political thinker and historian.

“Freeze!” – Creative Writing

The loaded fork stopped short of the man's mouth. His eyes scanned the room to find out where the shout came from, his eyes followed to the door of the room and stopped. There in the doorway he could make out four officers, guns ready should he move unexpectedly. â€Å"Put your hands where we can see them!† A moment passed as the man wondered whether or not to eat his last forkful before doing as he was told. He thought better of it and put the fork, still loaded on to his plate. Slowly he raised his arms in the air. Officers streamed into the cramped room, surrounding the man there were as many as could fit with space enough to raise a gun. Some officers were what seemed to be too close to the table, but they could not retreat for the officers behind them. One man passed out from the sight, he was dragged out before he caused a commotion. The seated man smiled at the officer's weakness and followed his limp body out of the room with his eyes. There continued a small bustle as the man was arrested, read his rights, cuffed, masked and shackled. He was walked out of the room, up the flight of stairs that led from the basement flat and out in to the street, where he could see how important he was. Squad cars, and two SWAT vans littered the already dark street. The man could just make out the head of the police department sat comfortably in his black, government car. The man was shoved into the back of an armoured van which already contained three well built men. They were fully equipped with batons and cattle prods. The man decided it best to sit quietly and enjoyed the ride in the windowless van. He shut his eyes and dreamed as he swayed with the jolts the dirt road gave the van. What seemed like hours had passed when the van finally stopped. A minute later, the doors opened and the man was pulled out, still cuffed, masked and shackled. He was escorted into a large important looking building filled with blue uniformed men. The man was led through a maze of corridors and pass checks. They came to a narrow, brightly lit, warm corridor with sound proofed walls and bullet-proof Perspex panels and doors that opened in on to neat holding cells. He was taken down to the last cell on the left, even though all the other nine cells were empty. His cuffs and mask were taken off but they left the shackles, he was politely asked to step inside the cell. He thanked the two officers that had been left with him and walked into the cell. The door was locked behind him. The officers out of duty asked if he wanted anything. â€Å"I'm a bit hungry.† The blood drained from the younger officer's face. â€Å"I was wondering if I could finish my meal?† From the look on their faces he could tell the answer was no. â€Å"Maybe I could have a snack, a packet of crisps or something?† Their faces seemed to relax. â€Å"What flavour?† Quested the young officer. â€Å"Bacon if possible.† The man saw the young officer recoil, the older officer seemed better trained and showed no emotion. â€Å"We'll see what we can do.† The older officer stated. â€Å"Thank you,† the man responded, â€Å"By the way, do you know how long I'm going to be here? I mean will I just have to wait for a little bit or will I have more time that I could waste sleeping or something?† â€Å"We don't know. Do what you see fit.† The older officer motioned the younger officer to follow and they walked out of the man's view. The man settled down and took in his surroundings. Three white walls and one Perspex panel and door held him captive. There was a smooth cot bed made up too perfection with cream blankets and sheets. A steel toilet stood quietly in the corner with a small matching basin next to it. Nothing else furnished the room. The man sat down on the floor and leaned against the cot. With the cool metal side of it in his back he knew he would not be comfortable in this position for long, but he was too lazy to move yet. The man shut his eyes and began to dream. His dreams were plagued by food for he was hungry. He had been interrupted during his dinner and so his belly was not full or content. He dreamed of a starter of soft Cornish crackers, smothered with liver pà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½tà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. For the main course a beautifully cooked meat pie, soaked in gravy with a very small salad on the side. For dessert a tray of mince pies. He always wondered why they never actually had any real mince in them but even so he delighted in eating them, just for their name. Just as he finished his first mince pie and was about to reach out for another, a soft knocking on the door interrupted him. He opened his eyes to the older officer standing outside the cell staring at him. The man stood and stepped forward towards the glass. The officer stepped back and from his pocket produced a shiny packet. â€Å"I only have roast chicken flavour left.† The man looked at the officer puzzled. â€Å"It must have been confiscated from a convict, nobody will miss it I assure you.† The officer spoke too quickly. He placed the packet in the food tray on the floor and slid it shut so that the drawer's content was now on the inside of the cell. The man picked it up. â€Å"Thank you very much. I wasn't expecting anything at all. Thank you again.† The man sat on the cot and proceeded to open the packet of crisps. He placed the bag close to his face and smelled its contents. He looked back at the glass and was surprised to see the officer still there. He smiled and pulled out a wafer of potato. As he crunched into it, the officer turned and walked away, the man thought he saw a smile on the officers face but could not be sure. It almost looked as if the officer was longing for something, but the man dismissed that idea, why would an officer long for a packet of crisps? The officer probably was feeling sorry for the man. The man ate half the packet and decided to save the rest for later. He put the packet under the cot pillow. He kicked off his shoes, imitation leather, slid on to his side and drifted off to sleep on the cot. A long while later, he was woken up by a buzzer he could not see. He stood in time to see four officers at his cell. He was led through another maze of corridors and pass checks to a small questioning room. He was sat down at a medium sized wooden table with two chairs, one that he occupied. A large mirror took up the wall opposite where the man sat. He suspected it to be a two-way mirror for obvious reasons. He was left there with the shackles clinking softly at his ankles. Two officers entered around a half hour later. One sat down, the other stood in the shadow near the door. The seated officer placed a Dictaphone on the table, switched it on and stated the date, time and the names of all present in the room. The man was shocked that it had been a full 12 hours since he had been caught. Then it began; the barrage of questions. First they started slowly; his name, age, date of birth, height, weight and so on. They gave him time to answer each question fully and only asked another when he looked as if he had nothing more to say. Then they began to speed up. â€Å"When was the last time he had food?† He told of the crisps, interrupting they asked what flavour. â€Å"Roast Chicken.† â€Å"Who gave them to you?† â€Å"Another officer, I don't know his name.† â€Å"Do we look stupid?† The man did not answer. â€Å"No officer is allowed to give you food.† â€Å"But-† â€Å"No officer would give you chicken flavour crisps.† The man put his head down as in defeat. â€Å"And before that? What was the next before last thing you ate?† â€Å"Lunch.† â€Å"Consisting of?† â€Å"Meat.† The man had raised his head to look the officer in the face before he had replied. A look clouded both officers' faces. The seated officer rose and motioned the other to sit. This officer was dressed differently, for one she wore a dark blue skirt rather than trousers. Instead of the usual white shirt the men wore, she wore a light blue blouse and a small tailored dark blue waistcoat. â€Å"This, † motioned the now standing officer, â€Å"is officer Ali, first name Aliya. She is very familiar with your type of problem.† â€Å"Hello.† A quiet, slightly shaky voice indicated she was not as good as her introduction. â€Å"Hello Miss.† The man said politely. â€Å"Address the officer properly.† â€Å"Nice to meet you officer Ali.† â€Å"That's okay officer. Let the man relax.† The standing officer grunted indignantly and walked towards the door to lean against the wall near the light switch. â€Å"Okay. Let's start.† The young lady produced a bunch of papers from a small briefcase by her feet. â€Å"These are just a few character tests I need you do to so that I can help you. Would you mind taking one of these?† She looked at the officer for approval. He nodded. â€Å"Not at all officer. I know I'm sick and need help. But I haven't the will power.† The man looked genuine in his feelings. â€Å"Okay. Right. Okay. How often do you eat meat?† She laboured over the last word, as if it was uncommon. â€Å"Not very often only when I can find some. Then I tend to gorge myself on it.† â€Å"And where do you get your†¦meat?† She fuddled over the word again â€Å"An out of town butcher† The man said flatly. â€Å"Really?† She raised her eyebrows in surprise. She suspected he was lying. â€Å"No. I catch it myself. I stalk them and then kill them with a knife, that way not bullets or poison spoils it.† He had lied and had thought better of it to tell he truth. He put his head down again in shame. â€Å"Spoils it?† Her eyebrows now knit together in curios â€Å"The taste is better if there isn't all that stuff.† He was a little cautious of his answers but he was trying to be as honest as he could, he wanted help and they could only help him if they knew everything. â€Å"Ok. Do you think you could ever stop†¦doing what you are doing?† She struggled again to ask these questions. This was new to her, she had only been doing this for about a month and this was the first man who was this honest. The rest of the offenders usually laid the whole way through. She knew why; they had heard of what would happen to them if they were convicted. â€Å"I hope so. I can go without it for long, weeks at a time but then a craving for it plagues my mind and body.† He looked for some kind of reaction in here eyes. Another inquisitive look knotted hey eyebrows together. â€Å"You have withdrawal symptoms?† â€Å"Yes. I start, dreaming. I'm a good cook. I dream up dishes that I can make. I can make anything out of any bit of meat.† He sounded slightly proud of himself. But then he remembered why he was there and retreated back to feeling sorry for himself. â€Å"Can I ask why you call it meat? Not flesh, or food?† â€Å"If you think of it as what it really is, then you begin to feel guilty. I don't like feeling bad, so I don't think of them as anything important, only as bits of meat that taste nice.† It was an answer given matter-of-factly. â€Å"If we put you on a diet of only vegetables would you be able to survive?† She looked for a way out for him, she felt sorry for him. â€Å"Yes of course, I wouldn't like it though.† This was not going well for the man. She asked the final question that she knew would decide his fate. She wished he would answer correctly but she could give no kind of indication to him as to what his answer should be. â€Å"If you had the chance to have meat again after this interview would you take it?† A slight pause as the man put his head down and answered n a small voice. â€Å"Yes.† Suddenly the door burst in and armed guards rushed into the small room. In desperation the man realised that the rumours of what happened to people like him were true and that he had just sealed his fate. â€Å"I mean no, I wouldn't. I wouldn't! I promise, no, no I wouldn't.† He screamed apologetically, begging for forgiveness and promising that he would be good. He sounded like a little boy begging his parents for one more chance after doing something wrong and knowing he would be punished. The office seated stood up and walked out of the room. She looked back at the man with sympathy but she knew she could do nothing. He had answered wrong. He was dragged out of the room by guards who had been waiting outside the door. â€Å"No! I promise, never again!† The man was taken to a cell not too far from the questioning room. He cried and screamed, kicked and bit. He tried everything to free himself. It didn't work. He was thrown into a small cell, 4 foot by 3. Blood was spattered on the walls and the man shook as he realised in his mind what was actually going to happen. Three small flaps near the floor opposite the now bolted steel door snapped open. Out of them came a stream of fat brown rats. They circled him, ring upon ring formed round him, the man stood still, his eyes racing round to each small set of beady eyes. Their bright yellow teeth were visible and chattered every so often, all daring each other to jump first. A silent sign made them all pounce on him. He shrieked and tried to pull them off. They bit through his shirt, on his bare arms and at his legs. Many drew blood on their first bite. These were well-trained assassins. They were hungry and wanted meat. The man's shoes had been kicked during the scrap and now the rats bit at his socks. The man fell on the floor and they swarmed him. Wave upon wave of pain coursed through the man. They were biting all over his body, regardless of whether it was clothed or not. If it were clothed, they would slash an opening and clamber through to the soft skin underneath. The rats were in his shirt, in his trousers biting at everything. The man continued to fight them off, but there were just too many. He kept screaming until one rat dared to jump into in and bite his tongue. The man bit down as hard as he could. Half the rat fell off of him, tail still twitching. He spat the other half out and spat out the rodent's blood, it mingled with his own from the bite on the tip of his tongue. He stopped screaming but when a rat latched on to his nose he yelped in pain. It's tail swung into his mouth and he bit it off accidentally swallowing it. Another rat bit down into the flesh between his thumb and fore finger, he tried to shake it off but the momentum plus the weight of the rat caused the flesh to rip and the rat to fly off with part of the man in it's mouth. It dropped the meat and attacked him again on his other hand hoping for a larger piece. Rats on the man's belly ripped and clawed their way past the skin, getting to the soft meat beneath it. Five especially fat rats tunnelled through the man into his abdomen and chest. The man could not breathe, as his lungs were half eaten. He coughed up blood and in it was a bit of a rat's tail. The man retched but nothing came up as his stomach was on the floor in front of him. Eventually the man ceased to move. His efforts for survival had been futile. The rats continued their meal until all that was left was the bones of a man. When they were full they sat in the corners of the room letting the still-hungry rats gorge till they themselves could eat no more. Hours passed and slowly the rats scampered back to their homes on the other side of the flaps, where more food was. When every rat had gone, two officers shut the flaps, opened the door and collected the remains. They remarked about how efficient the rats were getting, this one had died within two hours of being locked in. The other remarked the time was too short and that every non-vegetarian should endure the most torture they could receive before dying. They both agreed that all meat eaters should be put to death and that this was the most fitting way for it too be done but they still continued to argue over how long it should last. Their argument lasted all the way to the dump where they threw the filled bin liners into a newly dug pit, big enough for thirty bags or so. By then they had grown tired of the discussion and were now debating whether to go to the new veggie-restaurant, or go to the usual veggie noodle bar for lunch.

Psychology Borderline Personality Disorder - 1323 Words

Running head: Borderline Personality Disorder The Study of Borderline Personality Disorder Olivia Wright Blue Ridge Community College Abstract Borderline personality disorder (BPD) falls into cluster b category which is characterized as dramatic, emotional, or erratic disorders. People with borderline personality disorder are characterized by their volatile and unstable relationships; they tend to have persistent problems in early adulthood, with frequent hospitalization, unstable personal relationships, severe depression, and suicidal gestures. They tend to have turbulent relationships, fearing abandonment but lacking control over their emotions. The Study of Borderline Personality Disorder When it comes to our mood and behaviors we can all agree that they sometimes aren’t the most consistent things. However for some people our inconsistent moods and behaviors take on a whole new extreme. Personality disorders affect as many as 1 in 10 people in the United States controlling their daily lives and causing them great distress. We will first get a general view on what personality disorders are then drive deeper into one of the disorders, BPD or borderline personality disorder. Overview of Personality Disorders Personality is all the characteristic ways that made up a person including the ways we behave and think. However, when it comes to these characteristics interfering with our daily relationships, cause distress to ourselves and others, or in general disruptShow MoreRelatedBorderline Personality Disorder : Psychology2038 Words   |  9 Pages Borderline Personality Disorder Deidra Stewart November 18, 2014 Abnormal Psychology Chad Latta Borderline Personality Disorder is a disorder in the cluster of dramatic personality disorder. 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When considering the process of studying the field of psychology as a whole there are a great number of avenues to explore the mind. There are different types of psychology, both normal and abnormal as the overarching distinctions. Ther e are also many disorders associated with abnormal behavior psychology such as schizophrenia, anxiety disordersRead MoreApplication of Clinical Pychology1243 Words   |  5 PagesClinical Psychology Clinical psychologist are often treating people with mental illness and patients who suffer from severe psychiatric disorders. Clinical psychologist are involved with helping people with abnormal behavior and who may be suffering from psychological distress. Patients are often individualized by psychological, biological and social factors of their case. Clinical psychologist work very close with their patients to help assess and diagnose which psychological disorder they areRead MoreBorderline Personality Disorder ( Bipolar Disorder )1653 Words   |  7 PagesIV four types of psychopathology describe Borderline Personality Disorder: affective disturbance, impulsivity, cognitive problems, and intense unstable relationships. Before diagnosis, Doctors must establish that patterns of affective instability, impulsivity, and unstable relationships have been consistent over time. Therefore, obtaining the patient’s detailed history is crucial. Many of the same features can be found in patients with Bipolar Disorder. Dysphorias, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and

Why The British Petroleum Was Responsible For The Accident

No doubt that the Deepwater Horizon oil spill was one of the worst and the largest oil in the history of the world. In the following essay we will discuss about the various aspects related to the accident and find out whether if the British Petroleum was responsible for the accident. BP or British Petroleum is the largest corporation in the United Kingdom and is an international company that operates in oil, gas and chemical industry. The company is headquartered at London. It owns various refineries as well as chemical plants across the globe. The company produces around 32000,000 barrels of oil daily and operates more than 25K oil service stations across the world with total employee strength up to 85,000. (bp.com, 2015) In Gulf of Mexico, BP had been operating the offshore drilling rig called Deepwater Horizon which it had leased from the Transocean. During the mid of April 2010, there was explode on it as a result of which it had collapsed. This had caused the rupture in the riser of the deep oil well where it has been operating. It was followed by the largest ever oil spill in which around five million barrels of oils was released in the marine environment of gulf of around seventy thousand sq. miles. The accident had also claimed eleven on board causalities and seventeen critical injuries. More than 2 million gallons of chemical was used to clear up the spill. This spill had resulted in heavy losses for the company both financially and in terms of respect. TheShow MoreRelatedBritish Petroleum And Oil Spill1197 Words   |  5 Pagesin the Gulf of Mexico. The ocean was filled with oil which harmed the environment. The oil spill is considered to be the biggest spill in the United States. Several sea creatures were covered with oil, it contaminated them and killing others. The local people were affected by the oil change by having no job due to the water being toxic. The British Petroleum company do not take fault for the explosion but they cleaned up the oil spill. Although the British Petroleum contradicted themselves making theRead MoreBritish Petroleum Legal Practices And Ethical Responsibilities Within Its Corporation1019 Words   |  5 PagesBritish Petroleum Legal Factors British Petroleum is a multinational corporation that provides fuel for transportation, energy for heat and light, and petrochemicals products for everyday items to its customers. It operates in more than 80 countries and produces approximately 3.2 million barrels of oil per day. Throughout the course of British Petroleum’s life cycle it has been involved in a number of legal dilemmas which related to environmental, safety, and political issues. The purpose of writingRead MoreThe Effect Of Obeying The Rules1458 Words   |  6 PagesFrom1972–1980, the construction was managed by Indian engineers and many changes were made to the design by Indian government engineers. Labor and employment policies were set by the Indian government and the construction was managed and operated by Indian citizens. The operations of the plant were regulated by more than two Indian governmental agencies; however, environmental, health, and safety standards by UCIL Company was weak. Therefore , in 1984, poisonous gas was released from the site and blewRead MoreBp Pipeline Case Regarding Ethical Behavior And Decision Makin1709 Words   |  7 PagesBP Pipeline Case regarding Ethical Behaviors and Decision-Makin British Petroleum (BP) has been operating in the United States for decades. They have required most of their refineries through acquisitions in the med the 1900’s, which helped them to become one of the leading oil producers in the world. The acquisition of the Prudhoe Bay, Alaska refineries produces more than five percent of America’s oil. Therefore, it guaranteed BP’s economic goals by continuing producing oil in the United StatesRead MoreOil And Gas Industry : Exploration, Drilling, Refining, Production, Distribution, And Marketing Operations1094 Words   |  5 PagesCross-Cultural Perspectives British Petroleum or BP is among the six largest oil and gas companies in the world with a large multinational presence. BP is a British multinational organization with headquarters in London, England, and that pursues commercial interests throughout the world. BP has a strong global presence due to its production and marketing operations in several regions of the world. The global operations of BP comprise a large geographical area due to the effective vertical integrationRead MoreDeepwater Horizon : A Disaster Of Monstrous Proportions Essay1001 Words   |  5 PagesDisaster of Monstrous Proportions On April 20, 2010 British Petroleum’s Deepwater Horizon offshore oil rig located forty miles off the coast of Louisiana exploded due to high pressure of methane gas seeping into the drilling riser and expanding. The explosion killed 11 men working on the rig, injured 17 other, and causing millions of gallons of crude oil to begin spilling into the ocean. This tragic accident has left many question like why did this happen? What could have been done to prevent itRead MoreThe Effects Of Avoiding The Rule With Clear Example1172 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract This paper is clarifying the effect of avoiding the rule with clear example, then presents different reason for why companies have to follow the rules and finally explain the social ethic statement from a company. Social and Ethical Responsibility We are living in 21 century, the age of innovation, growth, technology. Many companies and Multinational Corporation making the contract abroad to make more profit. Today, more people and nations are working togetherRead MoreIssue Management: Risk Management2957 Words   |  12 Pagesrange of possible futures. - Doug Randall and Chris Ertel Managing risk is central to many corporate strategies. Reputations that take decades to build can be ruined in a matter of hours through incidents such as environmental accidents. â€Å"The definition of risk management for organizations has broadened, expanding beyond the tangible and quantifiable issues to the less tangible and more qualitative forms of risk. The bounded definition blinds executives to considerable opportunitiesRead MoreDeepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico Essay1078 Words   |  5 PagesIn the wake of one of the worst oil spills since the Exxon-Valdez disaster, a massive inquiry into the underlying cause of the Deepwater Horizon tragedy has begun. Many people are wondering if this was a case of poor engineering, corporate greed, negligence, or even simple operator failure. Regardless of the cause, the crude oil is beginning to reach the United States coastline, and a guaranteed fix for the leak is nowhere in sight. In todays technolo gically advanced world, when a disaster likeRead MoreCrisis management; BP2129 Words   |  9 Pagesdiscuss the crisis of the British concern British Petroleum (BP). At first I would like to provide more information about the crisis and its consequences, then I will identify the kind of crisis we have to deal with, I will discuss the several communication strategies BP have used, I will explain the different reactions of the public on the crisis. At last, I will give the oil concern some advice, in case a reoccurrence takes place. The BP oil spill The BP oil spill was a big natural disaster in

Childhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children - 1512 Words

Teaching children of all ages could be difficult if not having their full attention or not being able to reach them physically or on an emotional level for the information needed to be taught. Childhood obesity is a very sensitive subject specially with bulling in all grades continuing to adulthood. So the teaching plan is to make children be aware of childhood obesity and to have those numbers decrease by increasing activity and healthy eating. A brief summary and evaluation of the outcomes of the teaching plan was to engage the children in learning by having them solve two alternative activities that can increase their activity level. The children were also able to express knowledge by recalling the five food groups. Comprehensive†¦show more content†¦A child is impressionable and they learn from what is around them. If the adult in the family doesn’t have control of their own lifestyle or do any teaching to the child they will grow up with the same habits unless something is done. Nutrition is another way that can cause childhood obesity. Obesity develops when energy intake from food and drink consumption is greater than energy expenditure through the body’s metabolism and physical activity (â€Å"Lifestyle and behaviors,† 2011). Consumption of excess calories is often due to over consumption of excess calories is often due to over consumption of high energy foods and drinks such as proces sed or fast food, sweetened and alcoholic drinks, or large portion sizes (â€Å"Lifestyle and behaviors,† 2011). A simple solution would be to cut the empty calories and increase the activity. Children over five should engage in at least 60 minutes (1 hour) of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity every day like walking, biking or even playing sports. In far too many countries the socioeconomic factor over turn the reason for not eating healthy. The family has to make that hard decision whether to feed them at all or to cut corners and have food on the table. On the other hand families with education and money have habits that can cause obesity like Eating out verses home cooking. This is also a factor due to high calorie intake and unsuitable cooking techniques long termShow MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children1188 Words   |  5 Pagesbehaviors adopted by children affect their mental and physical health. Studies have shown that there is a li nk between what children see in advertisements and the lifestyle choices they make. Studies also showed that children who viewed advertisements showing healthy eating were more likely to engage in healthy eating habits (Carter and Maria). There are large amounts of advertisements for foods and drinks high in fat and sugar. Many studies show that there is a link between childhood obesity and advertisingRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effect On Children1273 Words   |  6 Pagesincline, childhood obesity is one of the most important issue. Often times, parents are willing to do anything for their child with the idea that it is â€Å"healthy.† When they figure out that not everything is healthy, some even take efforts to sue the company. Parents do not realize the underlying factors that cause this type of obesity. Childhood obesity can be a result of many factors in this upcoming society. Many consider genetics and hormonal development as a proof for childhood obesity. Howe verRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children1727 Words   |  7 PagesEnding Childhood Obesity Juanita was born at an average weight of six pounds, but now at 10-months-old she weights a whopping 44 pounds. Juanita has gained over seven times her original weight and is at the weight of an average five year old. Doctors say by age two or three Juanita could develop type two diabetes (She Was Just Ten Months). Unfortunately, this is not a rare for many children all over the world; many children suffer from the exact same situation Juanita has been put into. ChildhoodRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children1093 Words   |  5 Pages Obesity is a serious, sometimes fatal condition in which a person is significantly overweight for his or her age and height. Many children suffer from this condition all over the world. Childhood obesity is one of the most increasing health threats that the United States faces. Many researchers ask how children get to be so overly obese and unhealthy. They have come up with ways to somehow prevent it; however, the rates of the growing d isease have grown rapidly over the years. It causes many problemsRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children Essay1645 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood obesity introduce In addition to the physical harm, obesity and negative psychological impact on children. This is a high risk factors of childhood obesity, which can lead to high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Obese children always lower than that of healthy children intelligence and operators. Their activities, learning and communication ability is very low, and their depression and low self-esteem can make the children s sensitivity to interpersonalRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children985 Words   |  4 Pagesprevalence among preschool-aged children, obesity among children is still too high. For children and adolescents aged 2-19 years, the prevalence of obesity has remained fairly stable at about 17% and affects about 12.7 million children and adolescents for the past decade (CDC). Childhood obesity does not only affect children, but also has many long term health effects on our children as they get older, including, an increased risk of ty pe 2 diabetes in both childhood and adulthood. (2). ResearchersRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children920 Words   |  4 PagesAccess to fresh fruits, vegetables and nutritious meals is an important component in combating childhood obesity. Socioeconomic conditions can limit access to quality food for many children. Without the ability to consume nutritious, low calorie food portions children are at risk for developing health conditions. In 2011, 20.6% of households with children in the U.S. have experienced food insecurity and it has been associated with negative health and development outcomes including more frequentRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children945 Words   |  4 PagesDid you know that childhood obesity has tripled in last 30 years? According to Spark, a web site about childhood obesity, a child is considered obese if their BMI(Body Mass Index) is 30 or higher. This is a serious medical condition. It can lead to a variety of serious diseases and have physiological and psycological impact on the children, moreover it can cause issues in their social lives. Childhood obesity is prevalent in both developed and developing countries. Home, schools, and the communityRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effect On Children1614 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood Obesity has become one of the leading causes of death in our nation today. Sadly, our society in whole is one of the heaviest. Putting an emp hasis on the fact that â€Å"obesity rates among children of all ages are dramatically higher then they were a generation ago† (Green). Society has made it, with little to no trouble, that kids can get what they want, when they want it. Children are unaware of the harm and trauma they are putting their bodies through at such a young age. Childhood obesityRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children1422 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States, the busiest country on over the world, is being threatened by the obesity, especially children. Compare with the past 30 years, in 2012, the number of children are obese increases doubled (Childhood Obesity Facts). The major elements that lead to the childhood obesity not only come from the invisible factor are family’s gene, but also the environment grow them up as school and the influence of technology in the modern society. But if the parent and school have a positive behavior

Cyp development free essay sample

Explain the factors that need to be taken into account when assessing development. 1. 3 Explain the selection of the assessment methods used Assessing children and young peoples needs has to be done sensitively and accurately. There are a number of factors to be considered. * Confidentiality and consent * Childrens wishes and feelings * Ethnic, linguistic and cultural background * Disability or specific requirements * Reliability of information * Avoiding bias * Open and closed recording methods Mixing methods of observation, technique, ways of collection When assessing a child you must be careful to take into account confidentiality before carrying out an observation you must have parents and the settings permission and not to leave confidential material lying around they must be secured in a locked cabinet. Only talk to authorized personal about confidential material. This confidentially can only be broken when a child is at real risk. When carrying out observations you must take a ccount of the child’s wishes and feelings if a child is upset or wants you to stop then you must stop. We will write a custom essay sample on Cyp development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ethnic, cultural and linguistic backgrounds when we asses a child we must take account as these can play important roles in how the children acts and the understanding of the words being used. Disability or specific requirements need to be taken in account when carrying out any assessment /observation or a child can be underestimated and the observation will be unreliable. Reliability of information no one can get an accurate picture of development if the information is not accurate this can harm the child’s development and the underestimating of their potential. With observation we must understand the limitations of each type of observation method. Avoiding bias when observing children we must remain completely objective also having 2 people observing the child at the same time can produce a more accurate account. I think it’s really important to observe a child in a range of different context and environments, in order to gain a holistic picture of their abilities and needs. This would be at home or in their education setting. Observing them individually, within a quiet environment but also in a larger group to see how they cope with other children. Also observing them within a free play activity is to see if they can move themselves around different activities or get stuck in one place. We can observe their natural interests, the social communication, understanding of language, eating and drinking and their fine and gross motor skills, sensory skills, behaviour. Observations should document what the child has achieved not what they have failed to do. Some practitioners prefer to make observational notes in a notebook and to organize these into written observations later. This system can offer a valuable opportunity for reflection. However, practitioners should guard against spending long periods rewriting large amounts of material. Short observations recorded straight onto white sticky labels are easily transferred into individual profiles and can save a lot of time. An observation format may include sections such as: * Name: This should include the surname where first names are duplicated in the setting; * Date: Day, month and year. It may also be appropriate to include the time or duration; * Context: Adult-led? Child-initiated? Independent? Working with/alongside other children? Which area of provision? * Key area of learning; * Adults observation; * Child’s comments these can offer a very useful, further insight into learning. Observations of child development can be recorded in: * Written records to record details of what the child does and says, and more importantly how the child does and says things. * Audio tape recordings to record details of spoken language, tone of voice and other sounds. * Video recordings to record details of what is seen and heard of the childs development. Observation techniques Different observation techniques help to focus the observation so appropriate data is collected and presented in meaningful ways. * Anecdotal This is a written narrative that tells the story as it happens. Observations can be of planned activities, but spontaneous observations can show surprising things about a childs development that might never be seen. * Schedules It is helpful to research the area of development before observing. A pre-planned development checklist helps to focus the observation, but can be limited unless individual details are recorded. Charts and Pictograms Charts and pictures can present observation data in colourful ways to make your portfolio appear more interesting. * Time sampling Observations of children are recorded at fixed regular intervals of time to note what is happening at that moment. For example childrens play during a morning can be recorded every 15 minutes. * Event sampling- Observations focus on particular events to build up a pattern of a childs behaviour over a period of days or weeks. For example to discover what provokes tantrums, or how a child reacts to leaving their carer at the start of each day in nursery. * Target child A series of observations to give a picture of an individual childs holistic development. A baby will change rapidly during your time in placement and a longitudinal study of a childs development over several months is fascinating. 2. 3 Explain the importance of a person centred and inclusive approach and give examples of how this is implemented in own work. The importance of a person centred and inclusive approach is your looking at the individual child and the needs of that child. By working in a person centred, inclusive we’re are looking at the whole person, their abilities, strengths, interests and learning style, as well as any learning needs or disabilities. The national framework for Every Child Matters (Children’s Act 2004) was set up to support children or young people to ensure the joining up of services to ensure that each individual achieves the five Every child Matters Outcomes which offer support to children to enable them to be; * Healthy. Stay safe. * Enjoy and achieve. * Make a positive contribution. * Achieve economic well-being. My setting works with many outside agencies in order that the individual child has in place all they need to be included in all aspects of the school day. We have several children within our school who have different needs and they are assessed individually so they can be given t he correct resources or 1:1 support in order for them to achieve their own individual goals. Some children will have an Individual Education Plan (IEP) which will set out what they aim to achieve within a set time frame with support (Teaching Assistants or our setting introduced the key person system at reception classes) other children may need the school grounds to be adapted we have adapted our school in order for the child to gain access around the school ground so things like ramps in place and hygiene suit. Some children will require specialist equipment to help with their education and development anything from large keyboards to hoists. It’s all about the needs of the individual child; some children may need the activity adapted to enable them to take part. Plans that involve supporting an individual should be focused on their needs and interests and wherever possible we should involve them in the planning process. Children’s wishes should be taken into account during decision making to give them a sense of belonging and not to be made to feel as though its them who’s to blame. This should be done in a sensitive manner and they should be listened to and used to find out how they are feeling and what they would like. Sometimes although not very often young children may even be involved in more serious issues including their own protection, this can be difficult if a child is very young or if a child has barriers that stop them communicating. A child centred approach allows the child, young person to think, experience, explore, question and explore for answers in the direction of play that they wish to experience rather than me directing play. By being person centred and inclusive I’m not restrictive, but I allow for learning opportunities that suit the child because I plan and target set with them. This creates a closer match between the child and the curriculum, allowing them to learn and develop at their own level and build on their knowledge. 3. 1 Explain the features of an environment or service that promotes the development of children and young people. Our outdoor and indoor play areas are stimulating and attractive to children to encourage them to use their senses to learn, there are plenty of play opportunities provided. We keep the areas interesting and visually appealing. We are well planned and organised around the children, we have areas which challenge, keep children’s interests, and meet children’s needs , as every child is unique they have their own needs, personality and interests these are planned and organised for. There are, planned and spontaneous plays water, sand, dough, paint, books, role play, construction, gross motor play space sit amp; rides, climbing frames, ball games, table top areas, features on walls windows, shelving, display boards, posters, features on ceilings mobiles, curtain rails, toilet area sinks, hygiene products such as soap and air hands drier. All these areas provide opportunities for play and learning, and supports childrens development in movement amp; rest. EYFS requires settings to personalise the activity and play opportunities for children in ways which are inclusive. Making us think about what is assessable for children as well as what is available for children. EYFS also requires that we encourage children to participate. We have to look at ways of helping children learn about valuing others, promoting equality, diversity and inclusion. The setting must also meet EYFS statutory framework, health and safety legislation child protection, safeguarding of children, all the children’s acts. The setting has policies and procedures that need to be reviewed updated and evaluated to check effectiveness. The setting needs to give children varied and new opportunities to play to keep children’s interest and to get staff thinking of fun new ideas. We plan around the individual and group needs of our children with the daily activities. We assess risk to keep the children safe and give adult supervision at all times but this means we have to encourage children to evaluate risk for themselves and give them some challenging activities. Parents and carers are always welcome to help and observe their children. 4. 1 Explain how own working practice can affect children and young people’s development. My wrong working practice/ ignorance/lack of knowledge/laziness can affect children development in many ways. As a practitioner it’s my duty is to know and maintain correctly procedure and setting policies to keep the children safe and healthy, to support the children welfare and the setting aims. As an example if I am not aware of any specific child problem with allergies and I give that child some allergic food that will affect that child health. My knowledge of child development is helping me doing observations and assessments I’ll be able to plan for the individual child, and their needs by adapting activities for meeting all the children needs socially, emotionally, physically and intellectually. Also children need to be challenged if the work they are given is to easy they will become bored. The way I am with children, what I am saying, how I am being good role model all those are affecting children behaviour and development. If I shout all the time or being grumpy this would then make the children feel they could not approach me and they may sit not understanding what has been asked of them for fear of being shouted at. I think it’s very important to have professional ability to recognise when and where children’s development isn’t quite as expected and know referral procedures that provide support for a child’s indentified needs. I like children and I have empathy for them and in my opinion a good practitioner need to have ability to continue to learn and reflect if really like and want to work with children, they deserve the best. 4. 2 Explain how institutions, agencies and services can affect children and young people’s development. There are many institutions, agencies and services that can affect a child’s or young person’s development. These include social workers, speech and language therapists, paediatricians, voluntary organisations such as NSPCC, behavioural support services. These all help to support a child’s development. A SENCO is the person within the setting that helps identify special education needs and then may organise additional support from outside agencies. An early year’s worker can help children under the age of five with special needs by working with parents or careers in their own home. The early year’s worker assesses the child, discusses the area of learning and agrees the steps to be taken with the parents where the parents have the responsibility to carry these out. The early years people can positively intervene the better it is for the child’s chances to change and be able to lead a normal happy life. If they are not met that child might also suffer bullying from other children, difficulties accessing the curriculum and therefore not achieving their full potential at their setting or school, they can become bored/disaffected. Speech and language can help children overcome most of their problems. By helping children gain the ability to use language they can help children gain confidence and self esteem I have seen this in my setting with children who have had communication and language needs. These children have gained confidence and their language is now at a level that they can interact with other children and not show frustration. This is because they can now express themselves. The SENCO in an educational setting give support to children and families with special needs. Additional learning support staff works within and outside schools providing a range of services to help children who have specific educational needs. This might include people like teaching assistants or advisors to provide support and train staff. Youth justice this is based on children with behavioural problems these people will work with them and social workers to help them. Social workers are there to help vulnerable children and young people and their families this might include children on the child protection register or disabled children. Psychologist is a professional who helps support children who have learning or behavioural difficulties. They provide teachers and practitioners with aimed support programmes for that child once they have identified the child’s needs. A specialist nurse provides support for the family and child especially if that child suffers from medical conditions that need specialist care. Also health visitors come under this title for measuring and assessing a child’s development . A psychiatrists is a doctor who is trained in mental health problems this person works alongside other professionals to help diagnose or support children and young people with mental health problems. Physiotherapist this professional help children with their movement especially those who have little or no movement they are trained to get the maximum movement and skill level. 5. 2 Evaluate different approaches to support positive behavior. Approaches to support positive behaviour| Strengths Weaknesses| Providing an alternative ( not to be confused with a reward, e. g. if you complete this task now, later on you can ) | Ensures set work is completed. Avoids confrontation. Sets out clear expectations. Motivating. | Other children may be jealous or misinterpret it as a reward and misbehave to gain similar treatment. May cause more work in terms of providing alternative. | Tactical ignor ing of negative behaviour | Child learns that they will only receive attention for positive behaviour and adjust accordingly. | Only works if negative behaviour is a result of attention seeking. Very disruptive to teaching and environment. Other children may try to copy behaviour. | Distraction | Takes child’s mind off trigger for negative behaviour. Provides a means of exhibiting positive behaviour and thus praise and rewards. | Child may be resistant and therefore situation could escalate. May require thought and planning. | Positive reinforcement | Encourages children to repeat positive behaviours. Gives children an incentive to behave in a positive way. Is tangible and achievable to all. | If used too frequently or not frequently enough can lose their incentive. May not appeal/work for older children. Dependent on timing – if you miss the positive behaviour the child may feel ignored. | Time out | It does allow the child to calm down, as well as to discourage inappropriate behaviour. The procedure has been recommended as a time for parents to separate feelings of anger toward the child for their misbehaviour, replacing yelling with a calmer and more predictable approach. | The child should be old enough to sit still and is required to remain there for a fixed period. Time out should not be used as a punishment; otherwise children are likely to feel excluded.