Tourism A complex industry made up of number of different businesses

Tourism A complex patience made up of minute of different businessesDefining touristry exertion is not a sample matter, it is very complex constancy made up of number of different businesses. The common thing these businesses sh be that they leave products and services to tourists. The almost accepted definition is provided by the World Tourism Organisation. accord to WTO, touristry comprises the activities of persons locomotion to end staying in places tabooside their usual surround for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes.Tourism has become one of the major economic activities in the 21st century. The ontogeny in aviation exertion has made touristry assiduity very competitive. As airlines industry expands and the homo economy experienced substantial growth in touristry industry. After World War II only wealthy throng were fitted to enjoy travelling and tourism but late twentieth century and early 21st century it became aff ordable to masses. The economic significance of tourism industry is quite evident in 21st century. According to WTTC pressure level Releases (2010) World Tourism Industry contributes over 10% of the valet GDP and growing all(prenominal)(prenominal) year. This industry can benefit an economy in number of ways e.g. by providing participation, increase in government taxes and creates more diversified economy.Four industries ar dominated in 21st century, financial, telecommunications, Information applied science and tourism. The bank of travel is a human need and people keep travelling for number of reasons. The travelling activities ordain never stop therefore tourism activities forget increase in the future more and more, especially with the development of transportations system and modern technology. In past a couple of(prenominal) decades tourism industry growth was frightening and numbers of tourists in the UK present risen every year since World War II, apart from 199 2 gulf war, kinsfolk 11 2001 terrorist storms on New York and July 7, 2005 capital of the United body politic bombing. The growth in tourism industry has been the result of number of factors, e.g. Economic factor (longer paid holiday, affluence), Social factors (education and advertisement create desire to travel) and finally knowledge in tourism industry have made easy for tourist to travel new holiday destinations and attractions, cheaper holiday packages, faster and reliable transport.What is terrorism?Terrorism has been defined as the intentional use of force or threat to use violence against civilian, business and government, in order to achieve their aims. During past collar decades over 25000 terrorists incidents has happened about the world, which have resulted over 100000 causalities or injuries. The basic objectives of terrorists have remained unchanged over the years but development in technology has al dispiriteded terrorists to use more sophisticated and devastati ng tactics to create fear in peoples mind. The biggest increase in terrorism activities in past decade has raised many questions about the economic impacts on many countries around the world.In addition to the technological and natural hazards, people also face threats of terrorism re posture by terrorists groups. Terrorist can be foreigner or domestic and their threats to people and nation from isolated acts of terrorism. The terrorists groups used different methods of attacks to create fear in people, standardised assassinations, kidnappings, car bombs, airline hijacking, building explosions, computer base attacks (cyber attacks), mailing of dangerous materials, use of biological, chemical and nuclear weapons. The main targets of terrorists atomic number 18 civilian, government departments, holiday destinations, world-wideistic airports, historic and largest cities and businesses.According to Enders W. and Todd S. (2002), terrorism is the premeditated use or threat of use o f force by individuals or groups to obtain social or policy-making objective through the intimidation of large audience, beyond that of the immediate victim. By using fear against civilian, terrorists create fear in gen geological eral public through intimidation and hope to weaken the governments legitimacy by strengthening their own importance. Beside civilian death and destruction, terrorism can have very serious impacts on economy and tourism in the worse and immediately affected industry by terrorism.UK Tourism Sector and Economy as a WholeThe tourism industry in one of the biggest and fastest growing industries in the United Kingdom, and an important economic sector for UK economy. It is the UK fifth largest industry which provide directly employment over 1.4 million people in UK. In last year domestic and international tourists spend over 90 billion in UK economy. According to Deloitte report 2007 tourism industry contributed direct and indirect in UK economy were worth 8.2 % of GDP and also provided 2.65 millions jobs to manpower. The UK tourism industry employs more people than applied science and manufacturing industries, but both industries receive significant polices attention from Government. Growth in tourism sector could have significant impacts on UK workforce. In UK the combination of culture, history, world famous attractions and natural beauty is an attractive option for local and international tourists. There are number of upcoming opportunities like London Olympics 2012, Rugby unify World Cup 2013, Glasgow Commonwealth Games 2014 and Rugby Union World Cup 2015 for the UK tourism that should be exploited and on the other side depreciation of greatest nub increase in spending power of international tourists, which also make UK more attractive destination to visit. It also encourage local tourist to spend holidays in UK because foreign destinations become more expensive than UKs. Recent reports shows that number of UK tourists going abro ad has fallen significantly in past few years and they are planning holiday domestically. This is confirmed by BCC (2009) report, local business in Essex notes that, there are definite signs that exchange rates are giving the UK tourism industry a boost with less people travelling abroad and more international tourists come UK.The future growth of UK tourism is predicted by BBC. According to BBC (2010) report in 2018 domestic and overseas visitors will put 115 billions a year in UK economy. The direct contribution in the UK economy will be 52 billion in term of GDP which represent 4% of UK economy. Tourism also provides 1.36 million jobs in 2009 to UK workforce which is 10% of total work force. UK is the worlds sixth largest international tourism destination in term of number of tourists. After September 11, 2001 and July 7, 2005 incidents tourism industry was in earnest affected. According to the LCCI (2005) report, it has been estimated that the fall in tourism could cost UK tour ism industry over 300 millions. Liberal Democrat MP Sarah Teather and Brent East told do (2005), that the impact of London terrorist bombing on tourism industry is 60 percent worse than it was initially feared. They said that the terrorism cost UK tourism industry over 500 million.Why Terrorism target Tourism IndustryThe words tourism and terrorism exist at either end of a continuum of quality of life. The word tourism intends living happily, enjoyment, and relaxation, while terrorism means feeling of death, destruction, fears and panics every where. According to Beirman D. (2003), tourists are primary concerned with travelling to the destination satisfying their desires with minimum complications, threats to their prophylactic and wellbeing , while on the other hand Gilham (2001) said, physical threat or serious disturbances to ones plans are wear to reduce the prospects of a tourist destination or tourist firm. In past decade terrorism has very severe impacts on the travel and tourism industry than any other industry. The main reason of this whitethorn be because the basic objectives of the terrorist groups are to spread fear, as a result the basic safety and credential of people threatened. According to Maslow A. (1943) the hierarchy of needs, he said that human nature never satisfied, when they have met their basic needs for safety and security. When they are able to satisfy their basic needs, then they attempt to satisfy their self actualisation needs such as better life, travel and tourism. According to Essner J. (2003), the psychological impacts are enough to have severe impacts on tourism. The fear of terrorism is irrational, because in terrorist attack chances of being killed are very little and security environment has demonstrate its negative impacts on tourism in many top destinations around the world.In this competitive age, the business environment is changing dramatically. Terrorism is the biggest threat to tourism industry because travel is susceptible to the incidents of terrorism. When people travel they always avoid hazards, so for tourists safety is the major concern. During the past decade especially after September 11 2001, there are number of publications which have had significant negative impacts on UK tourism. The correlation mingled with terrorism and tourism is undeniable in the era due to industry strength and tourist places are the ideal target for terrorist to create large amount of economic and social disruption in the country. In UK terrorism can be seen in substantial part, as a result of this backlash to the tourism industry. There are number of definitions of terrorism, in the world of Alexander, Yonah, (1979) terrorism is a threat or use of enforcement and inclemency to achieve a political goal by means of intimidation fear, and coercion. In the present world background, the European Union (2001) define the terrorism relevant to international business in the following words. Terrorist offence s are certain criminal offences set out in a list comprised largely of serious offences against persons and property which, given their nature or context, may seriously damage a country or an international organisation where committed with the aim of seriously intimidating a population or unduly compelling a Government or international organisation to perform or abstain from performing any act or seriously destabilizing or destroying the fundamental political, constitutional, economic or social structures of a country or an international organization.September 11 Terrorist Attacks and Tourism IndustryTerrorism has deep history science the cold war but this fuck become most salient after terrorist attacks in September 11 2001. This incident affected the UK and international tourism industry in various ways. On one hand the world tourism industry was affected financially, the other hand it suffers due to licit and security issues. The international tourism industry between countries was most seriously affected due to security and safety concerns and legal issue. Especially UK, US and other developed countries were compulsion to protect their territory and people at any cost. Tourism industry in UK and USA found themselves floundering financially in the months after the terrorist attack on world Trade Centre, while rest of the world tourism industry also lost millions of dollars. According to U.S department of state (2002) report more than 3000 people of different nationalities were killed in the terrorist attacks only in the United States in September 11, 2001. The attacks were the conspicuous example of terrorism on global level. According to the overview of European commission (2001) this was the one of the major event in the past decades which diversifies the viewpoint and outlook of people around the world. Terrorism affects both the long term and short term perspectives of the all economic sectors around the world. Czinkota (2002) cited that terrorism inf luenced long term karma of entire industries, for example tourism, retailing and manufacturing industries.According to U.S Department of state (2001), terrorist select businesses (e.g. tourism places) for attack compare to other targets. The most kind of attack is bomb blast, although armed attacks and kidnapping are also some kinds of terrorist attacks. According to Council of Foreign Relations (2002) reported the majority of victims in terrorist attack are civilians. The relatively large number of tourists may not prepare to face these kinds of terrorist attacks. However the scenario has changed as it was at the time of terrorist attack in 9/11. Kunreuther, Michel and Porter (2003) said that during the days of terrorist attacks in 9/11 a common feeling came into mind of people that it could be me. But with the passage of time, this may give way to may be it will not me next time. This kind of behaviour is more common now a day in south Asia. But it is a common thinking that it is extremely easy for terrorist that to attack any where in the world. Even in low cost and low tech attacks, terrorists achieve to disrupt the tourism industry.After the September 11 terrorist attacks many international tourist destinations have badly affected legally because countries have introduced new laws for foreigner tourists e.g. strict visas requirements, security check and criminal record check etc. UK government also introduced strict immigration law for every one who wishes to come UK for visit, in the effort to prevent further terrorist attacks. The new terrorist laws restricted the tourists for freely travel across the UK borders and require by security department to keep proper track of their activities. The anti terrorist laws have made very complicated for tourism industry to conduct its business activities freely across the UK borders as a result many people and firms engaged with tourism have financially struggled. Another major issue that affect the UK tourism indu stry is security and UK government have to invest huge amount of money to improve both internal and external security. The security is most important because terrorist target gamy tourists spots and transportation network to achieve their targets.There is not a vast alive literature which shows the relationship between terrorism and tourism focussing theories, and the lack of presence of look into literature is absolutely visible on the relationship between terrorism and tourism management, which elaborates constructive techniques for tourism industry in the presence of phenomena of terrorism. Terrorism has capacity to create atmosphere of fear and can be intimidate industry in number of ways. This threat of terrorism attacks poses a continuous atmosphere of risk for the tourism around the world. This risk itself creates extension for treatment of risk in management theories. The majority of management literature theories slang term uncertainty as a factor of unpredictable envi ronment which may influence the tourism industry in certain ways. The environment realised by terrorism also has a factor of unpredictability in it. This essay is another attempt to seek and investigates impacts of terrorism on the tourism industry in UK and we will also discuss different approaches for reducing and handling the terrorism threats.Context and relevance of the StudyThe topic, impacts of terrorism on tourism industry has been widely explored, this study is based on past decade to find out the impacts of terrorism on UK tourism industry and suggest the appropriate model that helps tourism industry to minimise the impacts of terrorism. Given this significance, the aim of this research is an attempt to find the impacts of terrorism on UK tourism industry in the present context for the period after September 11 2001.Research AimThe aim of this research is to analyse and explore the effects of terrorism on tourism industry in the United Kingdom after September 11 2001. T he second part of my research is to critically analyse and recommend the most appropriate mannikin for tourism industry to deal with the terrorist threats or scrutinize the different ways to avoid and minimise the impact of terrorism on tourism industry.Research ObjectivesThe research objectives will include the elements, which have relation to both terrorism and tourism. The objectives of this research will show the correlation between terrorism and tourism and the tourism industry is highly impacted by terrorism activities. This research has the following individual objectivesTo critically analyse the general impact of terrorism on United Kingdom tourism industry.To recommend the most appropriate framework that helps the tourism industry to minimize the impact of terrorism.HypothesisThe hypothesis of this study is as followsTourism industry is likely, to be negatively impacted by terrorism events.Research QuestionsThe above research objectives can be broken down into following le ading questionsWhat are the effects of terrorism on UK tourism industry?What measures and framework exist to minimize the impacts or consequences of terrorism on UK tourism Industry?After having answered all above questions, conclusion and recommendations will be formulated to minimize the impacts for tourism industry. The conclusion and recommendations are put in the context of relevant political, economic and legal manners.Scope and Limitations of the researchThis is an academic research that would shed some light on the matter of terrorism and tourism which have been discussed in different potential in past. The significance of this study is found out the impacts after September 11 2001 and July 7 2005 terrorist attacks on UK tourism industry. Terrorism and tourism relationship is an on-going issue and it relevance may change in different period because of the change of political structure of the countries. This study is relevant to the people involve in tourism and related ind ustry and of much interest to get insight of the tourism industry.The finding of this study will be limited from the following aspects. The study includes the impacts on UK tourism industry only. Hence, its findings may not be applicable to other countries tourism industries because of the frequencies and number of terrorist attacks. Another limitation is use of secondary information, this selective information is an important component of my research but there are some limitations that the secondary data may have and the problems that could arise if these limitations are ignored. The verification of existing data is difficult. Secondary data can be general and vague and sometimes it may cause difficulties in decision making. It is possible that data could be out dated and the sample used to generate the secondary data maybe small. The secondary data may not be accurate and sources of data need must always be checked. The sample used to collect data may be very small or very big, which means it may not show the true picture of the population. The secondary data sometimes does not help to design methods of formulating research question or say that question. The data publisher company may not be reputable. While keeping in mind those limitations of secondary data, I will use data for my research from reputable academic websites and published literature.Research Structure and DesignThis research consists of six chapters. It begins with chapter 1, which reveals the need, aim and objectives for this research to be attained. Chapter 2 of my research will discuss the methodology, which enables me to fulfil the requirements of this research. Chapter 3 is an extensive and deep interpretation of literature review about terrorism and tourism. This chapter also looks at the other literature on the tourism and terrorism topic, and also discusses the difference between previous researches and this research. Chapter 4 of this research will explore the impacts of terrorism on UK tourism industry. Chapter 5 of this research is about managing the effects of terrorism and discuss the framework to minimise the impacts of terrorism. Finally chapter 6 of this research is the conclusion and recommendation chapter which will answer all the reveal questions, aim and objectives of this research seek.Abbreviation and terminologyUncertainty specifically mean the unpredictable environment it is unpredictable when next terrorist attack will occur.Risk mean threat internal and external threat in tourism industry which may affect the productivity of organisation.